tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76411450459529260562024-03-14T11:14:05.685-07:00MexichinoJoachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.comBlogger77125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-8281420493487916242021-01-01T06:08:00.007-08:002021-01-01T06:10:55.468-08:00Singapore (Keppel Bay)<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDgdqmyFUB1lprmq8n3IIUSFros-FEIryv4G-QAe1-08eUWVz51aTOf9VErKMJnyPDyTr11qONsnWRTFXcTyCSX6DW3sd5oLGRr1qyU2gG9u8d2kq7PVqefhssC5NsldbsKjNzrVyBVwo5/s1600/IMG_5428.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDgdqmyFUB1lprmq8n3IIUSFros-FEIryv4G-QAe1-08eUWVz51aTOf9VErKMJnyPDyTr11qONsnWRTFXcTyCSX6DW3sd5oLGRr1qyU2gG9u8d2kq7PVqefhssC5NsldbsKjNzrVyBVwo5/s320/IMG_5428.JPG" width="320" /></a></p><p style="text-align: center;">Reflections at Keppel Bay is a residential complex completed in 2011 to a design by Daniel Libeskind. The complex consists of six high-rises and 11 low-rise villa apartment blocks. It followed the earlier Caribbean at Keppel Bay, which was the first residential development in Keppel Bay in 2006. A development named Corals at Keppel Bay was also completed to Libeskind's design.</p>Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-47215893479526407182020-12-30T23:28:00.010-08:002021-01-01T06:19:15.620-08:00Singapore (Marina Bay)<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-5C5Kw7zXRjCT5kN_guOFXiZncTJj4fPpBaKj_yPukVVLyoBj_spsVfYhs1FJ8tJAE7E_BFm3xR7MHkUBS9fAipfV5XGHTfywdLhOP9CdoDld690yQD4Xf5P-hN_d9u60bfMyAYvQnnRn/s1600/IMG_4782.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-5C5Kw7zXRjCT5kN_guOFXiZncTJj4fPpBaKj_yPukVVLyoBj_spsVfYhs1FJ8tJAE7E_BFm3xR7MHkUBS9fAipfV5XGHTfywdLhOP9CdoDld690yQD4Xf5P-hN_d9u60bfMyAYvQnnRn/s320/IMG_4782.JPG" width="320" /></a></p><p style="text-align: center;">Marina Bay is an extension to Singapore’s Central Business District, on reclaimed land developed from 1969 to 1992. As a result of this land reclamation, the Singapore River empties into an artificial bay, which also gives its name to the surrounding area.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkQNbxghUtqVOfvW7l6TtoBsHPub2U_uuPxT7uShT52PHEDYapx1Ls4u6D2a470onYgSmW2axNS6o6hJgIg95qWKJ2cnpA9vvXUv5h1qAZDIq2AbtLQeHaeHFldKp_GxB0Sud20enK6j6N/s1600/IMG_4773.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkQNbxghUtqVOfvW7l6TtoBsHPub2U_uuPxT7uShT52PHEDYapx1Ls4u6D2a470onYgSmW2axNS6o6hJgIg95qWKJ2cnpA9vvXUv5h1qAZDIq2AbtLQeHaeHFldKp_GxB0Sud20enK6j6N/s320/IMG_4773.JPG" width="320" /></a></p><p style="text-align: center;">OUE Bayfront at 50 Collyer Quay was built in 2007-11 to a design by DP Architects. It replaced the Overseas Union House from 1971, which was an 8-storey office and car park building with shopping facilities. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Kk02xY7IcmQRX8AGTKY6TSAwUPtdGqIUv-5syIbLhZs8hw6h5DwrejHnHHCz5jeXpWXbS1LF68_j_7pcyqU8g3leV3dP8iG7M9emB0T6550w8xKJimuRdfl_e5qFl1QF1SAT2SL9aH7o/s2319/IMG_1340.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1738" data-original-width="2319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Kk02xY7IcmQRX8AGTKY6TSAwUPtdGqIUv-5syIbLhZs8hw6h5DwrejHnHHCz5jeXpWXbS1LF68_j_7pcyqU8g3leV3dP8iG7M9emB0T6550w8xKJimuRdfl_e5qFl1QF1SAT2SL9aH7o/s320/IMG_1340.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKFRMg68AOfcgwK-Y2rC9SsIIzScSb7OCo4HL-kJ1Ycy3xaYhGeKhgN9ElBaihxTLGaQMfWDsxTbh4S9_pZl4vO6tYdEXhEv6YLYPJGbsuOZ0Jz-Nyf4OS5XR3FqCidncfbR_nprxE0991/s2439/IMG_1338.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1626" data-original-width="2439" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKFRMg68AOfcgwK-Y2rC9SsIIzScSb7OCo4HL-kJ1Ycy3xaYhGeKhgN9ElBaihxTLGaQMfWDsxTbh4S9_pZl4vO6tYdEXhEv6YLYPJGbsuOZ0Jz-Nyf4OS5XR3FqCidncfbR_nprxE0991/s320/IMG_1338.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;">Marina Bay Financial Centre was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and built in two stages. The first two office towers and Marina Bay Residences were completed in 2010. The largely subterranean mall was also first opened at that time. The third office tower and Marina Bay Suites were officially completed in May 2013. The towers are between 192 and 245 metres.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTJecZRYwC6JWC0AF76GsJ4lLOUUxr6N9eDtkLjOcm58_SNcYzn3GU5QdmWF7opBT6L3AGov-zjPBCYDMLhfuURL-1szWQKNYBz2Q3tywQmVUFQVqDaPu8uYLKkXrlB2C22_rYA3X6MfsI/s1600/IMG_5408.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTJecZRYwC6JWC0AF76GsJ4lLOUUxr6N9eDtkLjOcm58_SNcYzn3GU5QdmWF7opBT6L3AGov-zjPBCYDMLhfuURL-1szWQKNYBz2Q3tywQmVUFQVqDaPu8uYLKkXrlB2C22_rYA3X6MfsI/s320/IMG_5408.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Marina One was built to a design by Christoph Ingenhoven and completed in January 2018. The project consists of two office buildings and two residential units.</div>Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-4433082473595108662020-12-30T23:10:00.003-08:002020-12-30T23:14:17.147-08:00Singapore (Tanjong Pagar)<p>Tanjong Pagar is a district within the Downtown core of Singapore. The area is sometimes referred to as the second CBD, situated southwest of the traditional urban core around Raffles Place. The port area to the south is planned to be relocated by 2030, making it available for redevelopment into what has been named the Great Southern Waterfront. Not subject to the same height restrictions as around Raffles Place, Singapore’s tallest building was completed in Tanjong Pagar in 2016. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjrG7Y8FwKMwu3_H6apMqdMn_cMMnQqXZps0bAdI57dQEyeFxe1b1oy-a-CBGhTd4Ij7bc_LQQehzy_sMWyCBe5XI9E7RW5evfks_N7oWntZzHpUhelNrOc_Uf9taLGDlWPCSxH2iadpXR/s2523/IMG_1448.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1682" data-original-width="2523" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjrG7Y8FwKMwu3_H6apMqdMn_cMMnQqXZps0bAdI57dQEyeFxe1b1oy-a-CBGhTd4Ij7bc_LQQehzy_sMWyCBe5XI9E7RW5evfks_N7oWntZzHpUhelNrOc_Uf9taLGDlWPCSxH2iadpXR/s320/IMG_1448.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Oasia Hotel Downtown was completed in December 2016, to a design by Singapore-based WOHA Architects. The 190-metre tower is clad in a red aluminium mesh to allow the integration of vines, plants and flowers. It includes four open-sides sky terraces that provide vistas and cross-ventilation. The design has been presented as a prototype for development in tropical urban environments. </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYvP-gOELJpC3wEjWAuhZzFhK_WtDUNdMFkKARPcXM4FFDPYHSvOr3Amic2kNjxnZKBBrwwItTtgEnmNhesLBLd51QQF_oB1QSRg4NVyn6zU7I8W3-ut9KHibBAtwZkEzUZS26MnhrJ9XD/s2592/IMG_1450.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="1728" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYvP-gOELJpC3wEjWAuhZzFhK_WtDUNdMFkKARPcXM4FFDPYHSvOr3Amic2kNjxnZKBBrwwItTtgEnmNhesLBLd51QQF_oB1QSRg4NVyn6zU7I8W3-ut9KHibBAtwZkEzUZS26MnhrJ9XD/s320/IMG_1450.JPG" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">The Guoco Tower in Tanjong Pagar was completed in 2016 and was the tallest skyscraper in Singapore as of 2020, at 283.7 metres. Some sources give the height as 290 metres. Formerly known as Tanjong Pagar Centre, the tower was built to a design by architectural firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Construction began in 2013.</div></div>Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-15565755250631595052020-07-11T00:21:00.002-07:002020-11-27T04:05:39.498-08:00Hotel de Salm<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Hotel de Salm was originally built in 1782-88 by architect Pierre Rousseau for the prince of Salm-Kyrburg. It has been the headquarters of the Legion of Honour since 1804. The current building is a replica of the original, which was destroyed in a fire during the Paris Commune in 1871. The complex had been expanded in 1866-70 and again in 1922-25. </div>
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The entrance to the courtyard is a triumphal arch within a screen of Ionic columns. It is very similar to an unexecuted design by Marie-Joseph Peyre, which was presented in 1763 for the Hotel de Condé. The prince of Condé later moved to the Palais-Bourbon and his old residence was replaced with a theatre for the Comedie-Francaise. This theatre has been known since 1797 as Theatre de l'Odeon. </div>
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Incidentally, the Scottish architect Robert Adam had previously used a screen of columns for the London Admiralty in 1759.</div>
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The courtyard is thought to be inspired by Jacques Gondoin's School of Surgery from 1769-74. The portico has six Corinthian columns that fronts a relatively bare wall. It is decorated above the door with a frieze of garlands and a relief by Jean Guillaume Moitte depicting the Roman Festival of Pales, or Parilia. </div>
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The former garden front overlooks the river and features a domed rotunda, capped with statues of Olympian gods and goddesses by Jean Guillaume Moitte. Rousseau also hired his brother-in-law Philippe-Laurent Roland, who designed the low relief on the pavilions of the entrance front on Rue de Lille. Both sculptors were later involved in the decoration of the Lemercier wing of the Louvre courtyard during the reign of Napoleon. The oval salon and planning of the rooms have been compared to the Hotel Thelusson by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-34549299959657441132020-06-27T21:37:00.007-07:002020-11-27T06:07:15.997-08:00Colonial Architecture in Southeast Asia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The first Europeans to arrive to southeast Asia were the Portuguese. In 1511, they captured Malacca, an important trade centre in the region, and built a a fortress to protect against a Malay counter-attack. </div>
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The Porta de Santiago is the only surviving remnant of this fortress, which became known as A Famosa, or Fortaleza Velha. This was one of four gates to the fortified enclosure.</div>
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The inscription Anno 1670 and logo of the Dutch East India Company were added after the Dutch ended Portuguese rule in Malacca in 1641. The fort was demolished after the British took Malacca in 1795 but the gate was fortunately spared.</div>
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Before kicking the Portuguese out of Malacca, the Dutch had established a trading post on Java by the early 17th century, which in 1621 was named Batavia. A square and city hall is first recorded in 1627 but the present facade is from about 1707-1710. Some of its features are reminiscent of Paleis Op de Dam, which is now a royal palace but was originally built as the city hall of Amsterdam.<br />
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French missionaries and traders were active in Vietnam since the 17th century, and the French got involved in Vietnamese politics and built the Saigon citadel in 1790. But the French conquest of the area really starts in 1859 when Saigon was taken. Its old Central Post Office was</div><div style="text-align: center;"> built in 1886-1891 to a design by architect Alfred Foulhoux.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij6WH8CfbzqAV-sxzWBGywiQ7qI4jZZDDKZUhVLpI8VMsVN_WSuAIlrHLZwFSiT92HXltzTdF6srG8C3DrhcThYkaCEKU1O1Jvsx_16gQLhsU1SlgpOKKy0NWqJzqf9doI1x4K7a5rrCB2/s1600/IMG_4741.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij6WH8CfbzqAV-sxzWBGywiQ7qI4jZZDDKZUhVLpI8VMsVN_WSuAIlrHLZwFSiT92HXltzTdF6srG8C3DrhcThYkaCEKU1O1Jvsx_16gQLhsU1SlgpOKKy0NWqJzqf9doI1x4K7a5rrCB2/s320/IMG_4741.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">The National Museum of Singapore was opened as the Raffles Library and Museum in 1887. The museum was founded in 1849 and the collection was previously housed in the Singapore Institution, which is considered the oldest school in Singapore. It was briefly moved to the Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall, which then existed as the city hall. The new building was commissioned in 1882 and was designed by architect Henry McCallum, but was built to a revised and scaled-down version by JF McNair. A modern annexe by W Architects was added in 2004-06, featuring a glass-clad rotunda inspired by IM Pei.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja4S4lWedHgOAkb_mBlptFUd9TBoigaEhkfjpyf5HjGoHRTJv9iVWPRrq-9I8LanygtDl23mRLSJlsAcuTdaS-Eka7eS6vTG36kZYoTh5vYJ7-ZIXmtnxVEBRVNuBl3vim7Tz2LC0WL8ub/s1600/IMG_4767.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja4S4lWedHgOAkb_mBlptFUd9TBoigaEhkfjpyf5HjGoHRTJv9iVWPRrq-9I8LanygtDl23mRLSJlsAcuTdaS-Eka7eS6vTG36kZYoTh5vYJ7-ZIXmtnxVEBRVNuBl3vim7Tz2LC0WL8ub/s320/IMG_4767.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">The former Attorney-Generals Chambers, which is now part of the Parliament Building in Singapore, was originally built in the 1880s, though the current design dates from 1906. The first building on the site seems to have been completed in 1839, as an annex to Maxwell's House (also known as the former Parliament House), which is considered the oldest surviving building in Singapore</div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-74521947016371725082018-01-17T06:49:00.000-08:002020-06-27T21:38:16.760-07:00India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Writer's Building in Calcutta was originally built in 1776-80 to a design by Thomas Lyon. Its original purpose was to house the junior clerks of the East India Company which were known as writers. The building would later house a college and some of the parts of the building were also used for commercial purposes.</div>
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Images from the end of the 18th century shows a relatively plain block of white stucco with a central projection of Ionic columns. Classical porticoes were first added to the centre and ends of the facade in 1821. The building was further enlarged and embellished in 1877-82 and 1889-1906, during which time it became the secretariat of the viceroy of India.</div>
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Built on the site of the former St Anne's church, the building is 150 metres long and covers the entire northern side of the former Dalhousie Square.</div>
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The Victoria Memorial in Calcutta was built in 1906-21 to a design by the architect William Emerson. Originally proposed in the year the queen died in 1901 as a grand monument and museum in the capital of British India, the capital was later transferred to Delhi six years into construction. Like the Taj Mahal, the building is clad in Makrana marble from Rajasthan. Emerson also designed to Crawford Market in Mumbai, and All Saints Cathedral and Muir College, both in Allahabad. Some of the detailing on the memorial is attributed to supervising architect Vincent Jerome Esch.</div>
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Humayun's tomb was built in 1569-70 by Persian architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyas. It was commissioned by the deceased Mughal emperor's first wife and chief consort and is considered the first garden-tomb in India. The tomb is located close to the old fort, which Humayun had renovated in 1533-38. </div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-73643259150832582912017-09-16T21:36:00.002-07:002020-08-02T01:28:40.622-07:00Norwegian stave churches <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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BORGUND</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3cyPv33xbgQ-HlmZyjdVm7EvLJomdenWOgC85wx5CZOzXdi2FXE7IDlnQXhdR2Q1CHJ1aBG9YsK_sPuj2Bxh9-0HH8x7Zsw1NVDZrnxO45leMgADCy3sAijWX8lUV0vOxsRsHKeT2h7vo/s1600/IMG_4037.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3cyPv33xbgQ-HlmZyjdVm7EvLJomdenWOgC85wx5CZOzXdi2FXE7IDlnQXhdR2Q1CHJ1aBG9YsK_sPuj2Bxh9-0HH8x7Zsw1NVDZrnxO45leMgADCy3sAijWX8lUV0vOxsRsHKeT2h7vo/s320/IMG_4037.JPG" width="213" /></a></div>
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The first written record of Borgund Stave Church is from 1342, but the actual building has been dated to the period 1150-1200. The timber was felled during the winter of 1180-81, according to tree-ring dating. It is one of the country's best preserved stave churches and has been used as model for the restoration of other churches of the same type. It was still in use as a church until 1868.</div>
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The new Borgund church was inaugurated in 1868, to a design by Christian Christie, who also built the nearby Hauge Church. The motivation to build a new church was in the interest of preservation but also because the old church had become too small.</div>
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The visitor centre was finished in 2005, by architects Askim Lantto. Other works by them include the Gurisenteret Outdoor stage and Visitor Centre on Edøy, which is close to a stone church dated to around 1190.</div>
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HEDDAL</div>
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Heddal is considered the largest of the Norwegian stave churches. It has been dated to the early 13th century. The earliest written record of it is from 1315.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-6213963532831404622017-05-28T06:55:00.029-07:002021-03-13T20:49:43.552-08:00Singapore (Downtown Core)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Singapore’s central business district is centred on Raffles Place, originally named Commercial Place. The square was a central part of the 1822 town plan, which divided the two banks at the mouth of the Singapore River into a civic area to the east and commercial area to the west. A number of commercial buildings including banks and trading houses were developed in this area through the colonial period. Most of the these buildings have been demolished and replaced with modern highrises though there are still a few colonial remnants here and there.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">One of the most prominent of these remnants is the old General Post Office from 1924-28. Located one block away from Raffles Place at the mouth of the Singapore River, the building was the largest project developed for the occasion of the centennial celebrations in 1919. The design was by architect Keys & Dowdeswell, who also designed the Capital Theatre and Singapore General Hospital. It was the third GPO on the site, the first was built in 1873 and the second in 1885. The post office had previously been housed in a building near the city hall, since 1854. The GPO was rebuilt to become a hotel in 1997-2001 and is now the Fullerton Hotel Singapore.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmNuCgmzdp9JbiRImLb26Ncy_f5Yajch8bwAG37IJDKS8Zc0qmuJuSqzSJl0hzFBNXLXNshdX6PdrOz7ehMbljeo5F6uxxzzF3NA3Xt3L8ZMBjyz72DuKHIq24KZmD3FJ8R_g229yawPJM/s4032/IMG_1884.HEIC" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmNuCgmzdp9JbiRImLb26Ncy_f5Yajch8bwAG37IJDKS8Zc0qmuJuSqzSJl0hzFBNXLXNshdX6PdrOz7ehMbljeo5F6uxxzzF3NA3Xt3L8ZMBjyz72DuKHIq24KZmD3FJ8R_g229yawPJM/s320/IMG_1884.HEIC" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Just across the road and near the corner to Raffles Place stands the Bank of China building. This was one of the first highrises in the area and was completed in 1954 to a design by architects Palmer & Turner. The same architects designed similar towers for the Bank of China in Hong Kong (1952) and Shanghai (1937). A second 168m tower was completed on an adjacent site and to a similar style in 2000. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Also near the waterfront but to the west at the opposite end of Raffles Place was built another highrise in 1953-55. The Asia Insurance Building was built to a design by architect Ng Keng Siang and was once the tallest building in Singapore, at 87 metres. The building was converted to serviced apartments in 2008 and has been renamed Ascott Raffles Place.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6j4w1eoRJeUlVHvJraPxASGIu3Y84eKTD1yOihQZi2W2RvpJjvm132gPHeh9BLvZSjGQ_Y-UXEOCh1X0GVlBbJiCBKIpO_pjdkbZ_UQXNPKAHz2fV4nxOYiNS6rHUdAz3tyyKRpppb-0F/s3576/IMG_1961.HEIC" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3022" data-original-width="3576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6j4w1eoRJeUlVHvJraPxASGIu3Y84eKTD1yOihQZi2W2RvpJjvm132gPHeh9BLvZSjGQ_Y-UXEOCh1X0GVlBbJiCBKIpO_pjdkbZ_UQXNPKAHz2fV4nxOYiNS6rHUdAz3tyyKRpppb-0F/s320/IMG_1961.HEIC" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The old waterfront on Collyer Quay was somewhat reminiscent of Shanghai’s Bund in the first half of the 20th century. Prominent commercial buildings included the HSBC building and Union building. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">But things have since moved on. In 1979, a new HSBC building replaced the previous one from 1924. The resulting tower was reclad in a new facade in 2006. Next door, the Union Building was replaced with another tower in 1982-84. Previously known as the Tung Centre, the logo at the top has since been replaced with that of property developer Guocoland. The next tower replaced the 15-storey Shell House from 1960. The old building was put up for sale in 1986 and the new Hitachi tower was completed in 1992 to a design by Murphy/Jahn Architects. It is linked with a similar tower facing Raffles Place that was previously named Chevron House.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5O9Vr1fDgcwId6PiuYjHpJ73x-gJSBzrZPmTnFsupBtQJ5YgbfHO4wpiTotWXIPQEwORaBq2CR4hhJL7oPtrZjr8s5rjKva2_9JU3yvhVKg_b1bRKOknXlFMLhdt7xMe6DIluzEJs9zpM/s2884/IMG_0412.HEIC" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2884" data-original-width="2740" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5O9Vr1fDgcwId6PiuYjHpJ73x-gJSBzrZPmTnFsupBtQJ5YgbfHO4wpiTotWXIPQEwORaBq2CR4hhJL7oPtrZjr8s5rjKva2_9JU3yvhVKg_b1bRKOknXlFMLhdt7xMe6DIluzEJs9zpM/s320/IMG_0412.HEIC" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The OCBC Tower was built about two blocks up river from Raffles Place in 1976 becoming the tallest building in Singapore and Southeast Asia. The tower was designed by architect IM Pei and reaches to 197.7 metres. It replaced an earlier OCBC headquarters from 1932, which was built to a design by architects Keys & Dowdeswell and was known as the China Building.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm0gEsEB_J4Md9CdGHWM3ovjA-lk5KKlSK9JGHrpWu1ewqjMK_wKR0qxdqwaRRL01FDjPGynJ5glEdC_-EAUrIB4gfhrw7UI7YyaSWsHshubjmFTrTJ-PpUB_XsESJPk3aBxzXe3YOA-BK/s4032/IMG_1889.HEIC" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm0gEsEB_J4Md9CdGHWM3ovjA-lk5KKlSK9JGHrpWu1ewqjMK_wKR0qxdqwaRRL01FDjPGynJ5glEdC_-EAUrIB4gfhrw7UI7YyaSWsHshubjmFTrTJ-PpUB_XsESJPk3aBxzXe3YOA-BK/s320/IMG_1889.HEIC" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">One Raffles Place was the first of three towers on or near Raffles Place to reach 280 metres, which is the height limit for tall buildings in the area due to the proximity of Paya Lebar airbase. Built as the OUB Centre and completed in 1986, it was then the tallest building outside North America. The architect was Kenzo Tange. A new tower was completed on an adjacent site in 2012. One of the buildings that stood one the site previously was Robinsons Department Store, which was destroyed in a fire in 1972.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-11900850901100282362017-03-10T07:17:00.002-08:002021-01-09T22:22:58.039-08:00Fredrikstad<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The old town of Fredrikstad was founded in 1567 after the previous settlement of Borg had been burned to the ground by Swedish forces during the Northern Seven Years' War. The new location was chosen to make it easier to defend, though the Swedes succeeded in burning down the fledgling town in the 1570s. The construction of the fortifications, including a moat and ramparts, began in the 1660s. The fortified town began to lose influence to new settlements on the opposite side of the river already in the 18th century, and the city administration and cathedral was finally moved at the end of the following century. Apart from some military buildings, The oldest houses are from after the fire of 1764 while several parts of town were also rebuilt after a fire in 1830. Some minor fires and rebuilding later in the century also added some new housing stock, though the town otherwise remained unchanged.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-5Sp8qyGHC2tYRGo3bNthj_EA_Ja7II7wY77nvNLuwWypNz8o-bcur-eBrVtQmgYXC5nSpWusjLPgf6Vytr-67a4G7D8EaH-bpY9pXlQ3V9B62wtx293jVHH-HaHhTAqgI2xJuSQkQhhG/s2592/IMG_0943.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1728" data-original-width="2592" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-5Sp8qyGHC2tYRGo3bNthj_EA_Ja7II7wY77nvNLuwWypNz8o-bcur-eBrVtQmgYXC5nSpWusjLPgf6Vytr-67a4G7D8EaH-bpY9pXlQ3V9B62wtx293jVHH-HaHhTAqgI2xJuSQkQhhG/s320/IMG_0943.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The brick building on the main square was built as infantry barracks in 1783-87 to design by Hans Christopher von Gedde. On the right can also be seen the spire of the old town church from 1779. The first church on the site was built in the 1560s with several successive structures destroyed in fire.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLMHA02enmf2WMmevPeYuBjddStd-GRro4I5lzcaF4ghBjw053hEiIXSyaA6JfZAe-BKT93Nt0u7Z825ZLF8CZ-bI8nrIFFNViD9AphMwfZNrqKiM-qqABGS4ThJiDt8tzOjmXSNsx-uqW/s2592/IMG_0944.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1728" data-original-width="2592" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLMHA02enmf2WMmevPeYuBjddStd-GRro4I5lzcaF4ghBjw053hEiIXSyaA6JfZAe-BKT93Nt0u7Z825ZLF8CZ-bI8nrIFFNViD9AphMwfZNrqKiM-qqABGS4ThJiDt8tzOjmXSNsx-uqW/s320/IMG_0944.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">On the opposite side of the square. The buildings here were probably rebuilt after the fire of 1830, which took out almost half the old town. The yellow building functioned as town hall and was originally built in 1784, after the fire of 1764. It was then rebuilt after the fire of 1830. The square itself was first laid out in 1672 and replaced an earlier square to the south.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiSxYHl56P4ei_5EvT0xNzcru5xvMovHwz1ZEUpTR2K01Fgpd5hBgoI01t6XTpLds5KcFd5ZJon_VcUJp4Jb_8FIrzzTDyawS82T2bEar0KQg0AzYuqRxg61KOUwHPRnL_eXC-VP2f5eIm/s2592/IMG_0945.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1728" data-original-width="2592" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiSxYHl56P4ei_5EvT0xNzcru5xvMovHwz1ZEUpTR2K01Fgpd5hBgoI01t6XTpLds5KcFd5ZJon_VcUJp4Jb_8FIrzzTDyawS82T2bEar0KQg0AzYuqRxg61KOUwHPRnL_eXC-VP2f5eIm/s320/IMG_0945.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">A new town hall was completed in 1864 to a design by architect Emil Victor Langlet. The original yellow brick of the tower had to be replaced only a few years later. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">NEW TOWN</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1wg_Qj-mXkADSf3N4oLhSQU337fjh-hvfiIppgVVeW1ukKxlr3wshttmP6PAK6uAB3OXiLz6tnw6dqtl8c4zCqTU8VnV3_eoEnj5UlQnEWf6ZMsbDCYUoOM6YKRmo37-RhaFZDlanhcxE/s1600/IMG_3990.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1wg_Qj-mXkADSf3N4oLhSQU337fjh-hvfiIppgVVeW1ukKxlr3wshttmP6PAK6uAB3OXiLz6tnw6dqtl8c4zCqTU8VnV3_eoEnj5UlQnEWf6ZMsbDCYUoOM6YKRmo37-RhaFZDlanhcxE/s320/IMG_3990.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The borough on the opposite side of the river to the old town is named Cicignon after a fort built in the late 17th century. Demolition of the fort began in 1903 and a the villas at the end of J.N. Jacobsens gate have been dated to the same year. One of the brick mansions later became the residence of the bishop of the diocese of Borg.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzMcL2d9f3uoOhkDhEURXLwrWkGvquoWOemP7B3b5WpBg4yDdMSy6N0cJ901Pi6CHXj0khD2G7LEFRf4CmC0ROSL6srJx33qdDnShED9m143F8xv-JMe0f4_IGuICMLiOEyk5PJCGuAug3/s1600/IMG_3982.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzMcL2d9f3uoOhkDhEURXLwrWkGvquoWOemP7B3b5WpBg4yDdMSy6N0cJ901Pi6CHXj0khD2G7LEFRf4CmC0ROSL6srJx33qdDnShED9m143F8xv-JMe0f4_IGuICMLiOEyk5PJCGuAug3/s320/IMG_3982.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The villa of Lykkeberg was built in 1873-75 by architect Paul Due, possibly in collaboration with Bernhard Steckmest. The architects had a similar villa built in Oslo during the same period (Onsumslottet), but this was demolished in 1905. The property has been known as Lykkeberg since 1780.</div>
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The main church of Fredrikstad was built in 1879-80 to a design by master mason Waldemar Ferdinand Luhr. It was previously called Vestre Fredrikstad kirke to distinguish it from the church in the old town. It has been a cathedral since 1969, when the diocese of Borg was created.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI0NMC2FfyoOAdmQjYh31synxvtaLEzFj7TEWlieGP0Fe6jfccZTGRTLZKjgA711qmrxCEV3cKGydDLqWloBtkCXmLhg0qap51UfCLu0DpbwYQKIlbq6Nv23C37ijPc03MNSPxdt01AWR-/s1600/IMG_3987.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI0NMC2FfyoOAdmQjYh31synxvtaLEzFj7TEWlieGP0Fe6jfccZTGRTLZKjgA711qmrxCEV3cKGydDLqWloBtkCXmLhg0qap51UfCLu0DpbwYQKIlbq6Nv23C37ijPc03MNSPxdt01AWR-/s320/IMG_3987.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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This villa was originally built in 1889 and has just been restored as a private house, with an interior design inspired by the period, after many years as an office building. The building on the left was designed by architect Herman Backer, indicating that it was built around the same period. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6lUFsrJJrI8MtY2JL9xVMsRdwDtsZ8DBOt6dLdZTVxH3UAluEvmKuKka3-yEatbUXtP4eNzVsxouNVfb4wfS4VOTTOMBUcATuVAZme98H1e3fCkgE9ddLl-LPoOejtPJac6y_U2afbdHC/s1600/IMG_3995.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6lUFsrJJrI8MtY2JL9xVMsRdwDtsZ8DBOt6dLdZTVxH3UAluEvmKuKka3-yEatbUXtP4eNzVsxouNVfb4wfS4VOTTOMBUcATuVAZme98H1e3fCkgE9ddLl-LPoOejtPJac6y_U2afbdHC/s320/IMG_3995.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Cicignon area has several houses in wood with corner turrets, built in imitation of the brick buildings of the late 19th century. This particular example, on the corner of Ridehusgata and Bjarne Aas gate, was built in 1898 by Nils Brynhildsen, who ran a timberware company. It was threatened with demolition in the 1980s.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc6nRRp1ln4rw6KTbyJnNvWBvbTvJ4xv60Xri6jsluaHqZaiIHLczdV7xirG-8rD12V43e2STCzUzxqhVV7nqRu-zoWlhYkyPGtynnuaIOwJD3eBoZgiKOSTr5b0ww2QlNu2xwGwHWVi0_/s1600/IMG_4000.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc6nRRp1ln4rw6KTbyJnNvWBvbTvJ4xv60Xri6jsluaHqZaiIHLczdV7xirG-8rD12V43e2STCzUzxqhVV7nqRu-zoWlhYkyPGtynnuaIOwJD3eBoZgiKOSTr5b0ww2QlNu2xwGwHWVi0_/s320/IMG_4000.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Storgaten 15, at the end of the main square, was built in 1909 to a design by architect Ole Sverre. The previous building had been destroyed in a fire in 1908 that destroyed 23 houses in the area. It had housed a pharmacy since 1883, and this continued when the new building was completed. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMPDlKhfkvcxTHyImaMricLaF8MQY9nr0EjzWBPjy2R9aZIA161apAaX5TYTf-QMELfS_53vcAfxS-P_lgiHV7DyxgsCbtZWDobIAqEfNsdju4SaaliTLI8iz2IOfvFw-5zFDnUlbaxX7d/s1600/IMG_3975.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMPDlKhfkvcxTHyImaMricLaF8MQY9nr0EjzWBPjy2R9aZIA161apAaX5TYTf-QMELfS_53vcAfxS-P_lgiHV7DyxgsCbtZWDobIAqEfNsdju4SaaliTLI8iz2IOfvFw-5zFDnUlbaxX7d/s320/IMG_3975.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Glemmen New Church was inaugurated in 1949 to a design by architect Arnstein Arneberg. The previous church was originally built in 1853 and was extended in 1887-88, but was destroyed in a fire in 1944. Glemmen was a separate municipality until 1964, when it was merged with Fredrikstad. Glemmen Old church is considered the oldest building in the city and is dated to 1182. </div>
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The modern complex at one end of Dampskipsbrygga consists of a housing unit from 2005-06 and a riverside commercial unit from 2013. The latter was completed to a design by architect Christian Cleve Broch. The yellow brick building on the right was originally built in 1872, though the current facade is from 1901, by Gustav Gulbrandsen. </div>
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Litteraturhuset was completed in 2013 to a design by architect Griff Arkitektur. The building houses a bookshop, book café and an institute of journalism. On the right can be seen a commercial building from 1903-04, originally built for Fredrikstad og Omegn sparebank, by architect Gustav Lorentz Gulbrandsen.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-54287694037780486852017-03-07T07:17:00.000-08:002017-09-03T03:18:31.360-07:00Florence<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The church of San Miniato al Monte was originally begun in 1018 on the site of a 4th century chapel. The adjoining bishop's palace was built in 1295-1320 while the unfinished bell tower is from the 15th century. </div>
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The baptistery of St John was built between 1059 and 1128 as the third baptistery on the site. The first was constructed in the late fourth century or early fifth century. The marble supposedly came from Fiesole, which was conquered by Florence in 1078, while the rest came from ancient structures. The lantern was added in 1150, while the entrance porch is from 1202.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLF-B8RJsCtANOGMk72DDk_6sgJ7zm1_NS180gmD7ElAlm9jli6IlrDmm3j3lrtnyVw37D3CjXyxSeeHnW1A5B3VPEDrtNp3kengk4FSe-9-g28S_XK82eF7Qo4nTHS_FVfJL879eO_J6z/s1600/IMG_4808.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLF-B8RJsCtANOGMk72DDk_6sgJ7zm1_NS180gmD7ElAlm9jli6IlrDmm3j3lrtnyVw37D3CjXyxSeeHnW1A5B3VPEDrtNp3kengk4FSe-9-g28S_XK82eF7Qo4nTHS_FVfJL879eO_J6z/s320/IMG_4808.JPG" width="213" /></a></div>
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Palazzo Vecchio was originally built in 1299-1314 as the city hall of Florence. The design is attributed to Arnolfo di Cambio, who also gives his name to the 94-metre bell tower Torre d'Arnolfo. The tower was built on top of the previous Torre della Vacca, and this is supposedly the reason why it is off-centre relative to the main facade. The palace was extended in 1342-43 and the courtyard was redesigned by Michelozzi Michelozzo in 1453. Further extensions were completed toward the end of the 15th century, including a second courtyard by Cronaca (Cortile della Dogana) and the main hall (Salone dei Cinquecento). Both Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci were commissioned to fresco the walls of the main hall, but neither one of the completed the task. The Salone dei Cinquecento was instead decorated with frescoes by Giorgio Vasari in 1563-65. Vasasri was also involved in the re-decoration of the first courtyard and the extension of the building to Via dei Leoni. This extension, which included a third courtyard, was completed by Buontalenti in the late 16th century. Also known as Palazzo della Signoria, which is still the name of the square, the name vecchio refers to the Palazzo Pitti as the Palazzo Nuovo.</div>
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Orsanmichele was originally built as a grain market in 1337 by Francesco Talenti, Neri di Fioravante and Benci di Cione. It was converted into a church for the craft and trade guilds in 1380-1404. The statues are copies of the originals, which were commissioned by the guilds in the early 15th century. </div>
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The design of Palazzo Rucellai has been attributed to Leon Battista Alberti and dated to 1446-51, though this is still subject to debate. Actual construction was probably piecemeal and not completed until 1460s when the Rucellai family succeeded in buying the neighbouring properties. In fact, the facade should have been one bay wider than what was built and lacks symmetry as a result. A very similar design is used on Palazzo Piccolomini in Pienza by Bernardo Rosselini, which could be the architect for both palaces. It is seen as the first consistent attempt to apply classical orders to palace front, an inspiration which probably came from the Colosseum. The use of a richer Corinthian order on the first floor doesn't match the classical model but is consistent with the contemporary idea of a piano nobile being the most important part of the building. </div>
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The facade of Santa Maria Novella was built in 1458-70 and was likely designed by Alberti in the 1450s. The architect seems to have compromised on his classical ideas due to the gothic forms of the church, which had been begun in 1246. Some work on the facade had started in 1310. His choices in design may also be due to respect for local tradition, as exemplified in the church of San Miniato. Alberti had previously used classical columns on the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini, which was also a pre-existing church, and on the Rucellai chapel in San Pancrazio. The facades of the later churches of S. Sebastiano and S. Andrea in Mantua are loosely modelled on temple fronts.</div>
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Construction of Palazzo Gondi was begun in 1490 and had been completed by 1498, to a design by Giuliano da Sangallo. It is similar in style to the earlier Palazzo Medici but the surface treatment of the facade is smoother as had become common toward the end of the century. </div>
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The Palazzo Grifoni or Budini-Gatai was originally begun in 1557 to a design by Giuliano di Baccio d'Agnolo, who also was responsible for the Palazzo Grifoni for the same client in San Miniato. It was continued after the death of d'Agnolo by Bartolomeo Ammanati in 1563, possibly on the basis of designs by Michelangelo. Parts of the facade were only completed in the 18th century, however. The facade of Palazzo delle Due Fontane (left) is from the early 19th century and was made to harmonise with Grifoni. A similar consideration determined the design of the loggia of the Servites (right), which was begun in 1616 to mirror Brunelleschi's Foundling Hospital from 1419-36. This work also involved d'Agnolo as well as Antonio Sangallo the Elder. A similar loggia was added to the church front of Santissima Annunziata in 1601 by Giovanni Battista Caccini in 1601. The equestrian statue in the middle of the square is of Grand Duke Ferdinand I.</div>
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San Frediano in Cestello was built in 1680-89 to a design by Gherardo Silvani. The dome was added in 1689 by Antonio Maria Ferri. It replaced a previous church from the 1450s.</div>
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The columns on the facade of San Pancrazio were moved to the present location after the deconsecration of the church in 1808, but originally stood inside. They were made to a design by Alberti to support the entrance to the Rucellai chapel. The passage to the chapel was bricked up in the early 19th century and was only recently reopened. It houses the Rucellai sepulchre, which is a marble shrine designed as a miniature of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The chapel is dated to 1458-67.</div>
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The facade of Santa Croce is dated to 1857-63 to a design by Niccolo Mata. Construction of the church first began in 1294 or 1295 and the design has been attributed to Arnolfo di Cambio on stylistic grounds. It is known that the nave was still unfinished in 1375 and consecration was delayed until 1442. The slow progress was possibly due to opposition within the Franciscan order, from factions wishing to observe the rule of absolute poverty. Unlike Santa Maria Novella, the church was not built with a stone vault but has an open timber roof instead. The chapter house in the adjacent convent, known as the Pazzi chapel, was originally designed by Brunelleschi around 1429-33. It wasn't completed for 40 years and changes were made to the exterior. </div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-19564396043985617832016-09-08T02:00:00.000-07:002016-10-29T05:49:37.690-07:00Antwerp<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Het Steen is considered the oldest building in Antwerpen and was originally built around 1200-25, om the site of an earlier defensive structure first built in the ninth century. However, the upper part of the building, which is easily distinguishable by its lighter sandstone colour, is from 1590. The design is attributed to Domien de Waghemakere and Rombout Keldermans. All the adjoining streets and houses, including the city's oldest church, were demolished in the 1880s as the quays to the river were straightened. The fortress was also threatened with demolition at one point. A neo-gothic wing was added in 1889-90 and various other restorations and alterations were made, though some of this was removed in 1958. The 16th century gate was rebuilt in 1963. The building served as a prison from 1303 to 1827 and became a museum in 1864. </div>
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The Cathedral of Our Lady is the largest gothic church in the Low Countries and was primarily built in the period 1352-1521. Work first began on the choir, which was finally vaulted in 1411 after political upheavals had forced a standstill for 22 years. The original architect was possible Jacob van Tienen. Pieter Appelmans took over from 1419 and was later succeeded by Jan Tac and Everaert Spoorwater, who extended the original design in 1454-69. The south aisle was completed in 1469 and was consecrated for temporary use in 1469 before church service was moved to the choir in 1481. The last remnant of the previous 12-century church was demolished in 1485. Herman de Waghemakere took over as architect in 1473 and the central part of the west front was completed in 1492 before his son Domien completed the northern tower 1521. A plan to expand the choir was abandoned in 1537 and work on the completion of the southern tower was never resumed after it stopped in 1475. The onion cupola was added in 1535 and the transepts were vaulted in stone in 1610-17. New portals were added during this period but the transepts were restored to gothic style in the 19th century. The interior is largely baroque due to the iconoclasm of the Calvinists. The earliest religious building on the site was a chapel from the ninth century. </div>
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It took over 150 years to complete Sint-Jacobskerk, though the west tower was mostly finished in the first building phase of 1491-1553. The design is probably by Herman Waghemakere the Elder and his sons Herman and Domien, followed after 1525 by Rombout Keldermans. The plan was originally to build the tallest tower in Antwerp, but the project was held up due to a lack of funds. Two building phases followed: in 1552-66, with the completion of the transepts, and in 1602-56, with the completion of the choir, chapels and aisles. The site was originally located just outside the city walls and became a popular stop on the pilgrim route to Santiago de Compostela. A chapel had been built in 1404-13, which became an independent parish in 1477. </div>
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The construction of Sint-Andrieskerk was begun by Augustine friars in the early 16th century to replace a chapel from 1513-14. The land was confiscated due to the accusation of protestant sympathies and the church became a parish in 1529. The construction of the tower began in 1541 and the nave was completed around 1568. A dividing wall was built to separate between Calvinists and Catholics in 1579, though this was torn down in 1585, when the Spanish restored the supremacy of Catholicism. Transepts and choir were only completed in 1663. A new portal was added to the south transept in 1730 and the tower collapsed in 1755. A new tower was subsequently completed to a design by Engelbert Baets.</div>
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The Antwerp town hall was built in 1561-64 to a design by a team of architects, though it's primarily attributed to the sculptor Cornelis Floris de Vriendt. Other names include Loys de Foys, Nicolo Scarini and Willem Paludanus. The city had previously chosen a gothic design by Domien de Waghemakere in 1541, but the building materials for this project were eventually diverted to the city's defences instead. The new town hall was destroyed during the Spanish sack of 1576 and had to be rebuilt three years later.</div>
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The buildings on the south-side of Helige Geeststraat are typical examples of the Flemish renaissance style in brick-and-sandstone. They are dated by the anchors on the facades to the period 1578-84, They are now part of the museum Plantin-Moretus, which is dedicated to the history of the printing press in the city.</div>
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The guildhalls of Grote Markt are mostly reconstructions, based on paintings and old documents of the houses as built in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The first reconstruction was completed in 1893 (Grote Markt 7) by architect Frans van Dijck and is considered the most authentic, along with Grote Markt 5. It is topped with a statue of St George by Jef Lambeaux, who also designed the Brabo fountain from 1887. More reconstructions followed on the corner of Braderijstraat in 1900 by Eugene Geefs. This house (Grote Markt 3) only became a corner building when the street was widened in 1886-87. Frans van Dijck completed the reconstructions of Grote Markt 9 and 11 in 1904 and 1906, while Grote Markt 5 is by Leonard Blomme and was finished in 1907. The facades of the two remaining houses on the corner of Wisselstraat were only completed in 1947-49, by Henri van Dijck.</div>
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The Jesuit church, originally dedicated to St Ignatius, was built in 1615-21 to a design by Francois d'Aguilon and Pieter Huyssens. The adjoining buildings were completed in 1626. The vault of the church was originally decorated with paintings by Peter Paul Rubens but this was destroyed by a fire in 1718. The Jesuit order was suppressed in 1773 and the church was closed before being rededicated to St Charles Borromeo and becoming a parish in 1803.<br />
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Paleis op de Meir was built in 1745-48 as a merchant's palace by architect Jan Pieter van Baurscheidt the younger. It was acquired by Napoleon during the French occupation and furnished to become a royal palace, but was first used by the monarchs of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and after 1830 by the monarchs of the Kingdom of Belgium. The royal family donated the residence to the state in 1969 and it has since mostly housed various museums. The building on the right was built in 1908 by architect Emile Thielens for Banque de Reports.<br />
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The National Bank of Antwerpen was built in 1874-78 as branch to the central bank of Belgium. The architect was Henri Beyaert, who had already built the headquarters in Brussels in collaboration with Wijnand Janssens. The city walls had been demolished in 1866 and a plot was found in 1871 on the vacant land along the new boulevard. The Antwerpen branch was closed in 2013 and the building was offered for sale.<br />
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The Royal Atheneum on Franklin Rooseveltplaats was built in 1882-84 to a design by architect Pieter Dens and Ferdinand Truyman. The building was almost completely destroyed in a fire in 2004 and was reopened after extensive rebuilding in 2014. The institution was first founded by Napoleon in 1807 as the city's first public school and was previously housed on Sint-Jacobsmaarkt.<br />
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The town hall of the previously independent municipality of Borgerhout was built in 1886-89 to a design by brothers Leonard and Henri Blomme. Borgerhout became part of Antwerp in 1983 and the town hall is now referred to as a district house.<br />
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The Royal Museum of Fine Arts was built in 1884-94 to a design by architects Jacob Winders and Frans van Dijk. The institution was originally founded in 1806 by Napoleon, when a collection was made from the art taken from the city's churches and other buildings. The collection was previously housed in a monastery but a decision was made to build a new museum after a fire threatened to destroy it in 1873. The museum was hit by a bomb in 1944 and subsequently restored.<br />
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The pilot office of the port of Antwerp was built in 1892-95 to a design by architects Hendrik Kennes and Ferdinand Truyman. A competition was held in 1886 but none of the winning projects were realised due to public protests. The issue was subsequently solved in 1890. City architect Gustave Royers added a smaller building to the south in 1899 and later structures are from 1937-57. A former ministry houses from 1863 by architect Charles Dujardin stands behind the pilot office.<br />
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The former dairy building of Antwerp Zoo was built in 1898 to a design by architects Emile Thielens and Emil van Averbeke. It was originally used as a distribution hub for the milk produced by the zoo's cows but later came used for storage before it was converted into a planetarium in 1973. It's now an education centre.<br />
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The buildings of the residential street Cogels-Osylei in the district of Zurenborg were built between 1894 to 1908. The development was led by a company called Societe Anonyme, which had originally been set up to to develop the farmland of the southeastern fringes of the city into industrial estates, but which changed its business model to focus on high-end residential development in 1886. All buildings on the Ronde Plein, which is located halfway up the street, were designed by Ernest Dieltiens and built in 1897-99.<br />
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The building, which now houses the department store Galleria Inno, was built in 1900-01 to a design by architect Joseph Hertogs. The German merchant Leonhard Tietz had already opened a store in the city, on Melkmarkt, in 1897, which continued as a branch until 1907. The new department store on the Meir soon proved too small and Tietz began to rent premises in the adjacent corner building, which had been built in 1903 by architect Willem van Oenen for the electrical store Moyson.<br />
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The three art nouveau houses on the corner of Schilderstraat and Plaatsnijdersstraat were built in 1901 to a design by architect Frans Smet-Verhas. The construction was financed by a wealthy shipbuilder, which is why the corner balcony is in the shape of a boat. There were originally four houses but one was rebuilt in 1964. The architect designed similar facades for houses in Oudekerkstraat and Lange van Ruusbroecstraat.<br />
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The short street between the Meir and Teniersplaats has been named Leysstraat since 1867. It was previously a little ally known as Meirsteeg but was widened in 1855 to serve as part of a thoroughfare to the central station. It was widened again in 1898 and an effort was made to harmonise the style of the new commercial buildings. Most on the southern side were built in 1899-1900 to designs by architects JB Veerecken, Emile Thielens, Louis Gife and Floris Verbraeken, though the corner building on the right was completed in 1904 by Willem van Oenen.<br />
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The near-identical buildings Leysstraat 28-32 and 27-29 on Teniersplaats were completed in 1901 and 1904 to designs by architects Ernest Dieltiens and H.F van Dijk. The latter is the former Hotel Metropole.</div>
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Antwerpen-Centraal railway station was built in 1895-1905 to a design by architect Louis Delacenserie. Six of the eight towers were demolished in the 1950s but these were reconstructed in 2009. The glass vault of the viaduct was designed by Jan van Asperen. The previous station was a wooden structure from 1854. The buildings on the right are from 1903 by architects Emile Thielens and Emiel van Averbeke.<br />
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This Venetian-inspired Scaldis complex on Gogels-Osylei, was begun in 1903 to a design by Frans van Dijk. It consists of four townhouses and is similar in composition to the earlier Apollo complex further up the street, from 1894 by Ernest Stordiau. The names Scaldis is Latin for the river Scheldt. The building on its left is from 1905 by architect Fr. Reusens. <br />
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The Vlaamse Opera was built in 1904-07 to a design by architects Alexis van Mechelen and Emiel van Averbeke. It was originally established in 1893 as the Dutch-speaking counterpoint to the royal theatre, which was completed by Pierre Bourla in 1834, where performances continued in French until 1933. The earliest performances was in a theatre from 1869-73 to design by Peter Diens, which was demolished in the 1960s. The new opera replaced a market hall known as Halles Centrales from 1892 by Ernest Dieltens. The building on the left is an extension from 1907-09, while the tower on the right is Antwerp Tower, completed in 1974 by Joseph Fuyen and Guy Peeters.<br />
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Boerentoren, or KBC Tower, was built in 1929-32 to a design by Jan van Hoenacker and is considered one of Europe's earliest skyscrapers. Originally at 87.5 metres, it was just a few metres short of the Royal Liver Building in Liverpool and lost the title as tallest building on the continent to Terrazza Martini Tower in Genoa in 1940. The tower was extended to 95.8 metres in 1976 but is still shorter than the 123-metre tall spire of the cathedral.<br />
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Most of the facades on the southern side of Grote Markt are reconstructions from the period 1947-57 and 1967. The corner building furthest to the right is from 1886, while the corner building on Maalderijstraat is considered an authentic restoration of a facade from 1736, by architect Jan Peter van Baurscheidt. This row of houses originally belonged to a street called Maanstraat, but has had an uninterrupted view to square since the houses in front were demolished in 1714. The two facades on the very left of the image are considered authentic restorations of 17th- and 18th-century facades.<br />
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The Museum of Modern Art in Antwerp is housed in an old granary from 1922 built by Société Anonyme. The main facade by architect Camille Janssens consists of three blind arcades, which are still visible on Leuvenstraat. The granary was converted to a museum to a design by Michel Grandsard in 1985-87 and was extended by the same architect in 1992-93.<br />
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Cogels-Osylei 29A is a rare modern addition to the street and was built in 1989 to a design by Christine Conix. The site was cleared in 1933 when a previous building from 1897 was demolished, the adjoining building (left) was completed in 1949 in a pseudo-traditional style. The building on the right includes three town houses and was designed by Joseph Bascourt in 1894. Further on the left is the previously mentioned Apollo complex.<br />
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The new courthouse was built in 2001-05 to a design by architect Richard Rogers on the former site of a railway station, which was opened in 1903 but demolished in 1965 to make way for access roads to the Kennedy tunnel. Rogers' project won a competition in 1998-99 and a new tunnel was completed at the same time. The train station was a monumental building by brothers Jean Jules and Paul van Ysendijck, while the old courthouse from 1871-74, still stands on Britselei and was built by Francois and Louis Baeckelmans.<br />
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Museum Aan de Stroom (MAS), which means Museum by the River, was built in 2006-11 to a design by Neutelings Riedijk architects. The decision was made in 1998 to a build a new museum, with exhibitions focusing on the history of the city and its role as a major international port. The building is 60 metres tall and stands at the site of the former Hanzehuis, which was built in 1564-68 and was one of the city's most prominent renaissance buildings before it was destroyed in a fire in the 19th century.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-27887373088477234652016-08-17T14:56:00.002-07:002017-03-03T06:44:57.478-08:00Gothenburg<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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At the heart of Gothenburg, dividing the old town into the former districts of Inom Vallgraven (left) and Nordstaden (right), runs Ostra Hamnkanalen. The canal was created in 1620-22, during which time the new city was founded in 1621. An earlier settlement in the vicinity had been named Gothenburg in 1603 but had been destroyed by Danish troops in 1611. The first bridge was completed in 1624, though the current (Fontanbron) was only opened for traffic in 1913. The central square was known as Stora torget before it was renamed Gustaf Adolfs torg in 1854. The city hall (right) was first completed in 1670-72 to a design by the architect Nicodemus Tessin the Elder, though the current facade is from 1814-17. It was completed by Jonas Hagberg on the basis of a design begun by Carl Wilhelm Carlberg. The tower at the back belongs to the German Church.</div>
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Kronhuset is one of the oldest buildings in Gothenburg and was built in 1643-54 as a storage and artillery building. The original design was probably by architect Simon de la Vallée, though construction was stopped already in the first year due to a lack of funds. It was only a single-storey building before work resumed in 1648. The Swedish Parliament met here in 1660. </div>
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The German church of Gothenburg was originally a wooden building that had been moved from the previous settlement of Nya Lodose, which was first established in 1473. A new church in Dutch brick was completed in 1648, with a decorative spire that was added about 20 years later. This church was destroyed in a fire already in 1669. A new one was inaugurated in 1672 though the tower was only completed in 1698. A second fire struck in 1746, though some of the walls could this time be reused. The new tower was finally completed in 1783 to a design by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz. The building on the left was completed in 1753 and was designed to harmonise with the neighbouring Swedish East India Company by the same architect, Bengt Wilhelm Carlberg.</div>
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The main church of Gothenburg was also originally in wood and was first built in 1621. A more permanent structure was built in 1633 and was designated Gothenburg cathedral in the 1680s. It was rebuilt after a fire in 1721 but burned to the ground again in 1802. The current cathedral was built in 1804-15 to a design by architect Carl Wilhelm Carlberg, though the tower was only in completed in 1827.</div>
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Several of the buildings near the cathedral were originally built in the early 19th century, including the house on the right, which has been dated to 1813. The black roof with dormer windows were apparently added during a rebuilding in 1914. The white building on the corner of <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.300000190734863px; text-align: left;">Västra hamngatan </span>was originally a two-storey house from 1810, with third storey and new facade dating to 1869. The red stone facade on the left is a later addition to the area. it was built by architect Isak Gustaf Claeson for Skånes Enskilda Bank in 1907. </div>
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The exchange was built in 1844-40 to a design by the architect Pehr Johan Ekman. The first trade guild in Sweden had been established in Gothenburg in 1661 and a new organisation for the city's merchants was established in 1781. They initially met in the town hall before the purpose-built house was completed, replacing an aristocratic residence, known as Kaulbarska huset. The municipal building on the left was originally completed in 1759 after previous buildings burned in 1746 and 1758. The design was probably by Bengt Wilhelm Carlberg, though the top-storey was added during a rebuilding in 1823. Further left stands Wenngrenska huset, built as a residence in 1760, again by Bengt Wilhelm Carlberg, with a second storey added in 1820.</div>
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The city began to demolish its 17th-century bastions and walls in 1807 and new buildings were completed within the moat in the 1850s. Many of the new houses on Stora Nygatan were by German-born architect August Kruger, including the synagogue from 1855. It passes Bastionplatsen, which was named after one of the former bastions, Gustavus Magnus from 1686-93. Its most prominent building was completed in 1905-08 by architect Hans Hedlund. </div>
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A green belt named Kungsparken was established on the opposite side of the moat, where a theatre was built in 1856-59 by architect Bror Carl Malmberg. Two previous theatres had been created in 1814-16 and 1819, but both went out of business fairly quickly. A listed company was created in 1855 to finance the new theatre and the site in Kungsparken was offered for free. The building on the left is from 1883 (or 1890), by architect Hans Hedlund, for Sweden's shipowner's association.</div>
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A competition was held in 1861 to arrive at a master plan to expand the city beyond the moat. Two proposals were chosen to form the basis of a plan that was finalised in 1866. Central in this plan was the boulevard Kungsportavenyn, which stretches for about 1,000 metres from the moat to Gotaplatsen, where most of the buildings were only completed in the 1920s and 1930s. Engelska kvarteret, or the English quarter, were the first buildings of Kungsportavenyn. These were terrace houses designed in 1872 by architects Johan August Westerberg and August Kruger.</div>
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The fish hall, generally known as the fish church due to its resemblance to a gothic cathedral, was completed in 1874 to a design by architect Victor von Gegerfelt. The idea to build a hall for the fish market, which had been moved from Gustaf Adolf Torg to Rosenlundkanalen in 1849, was first proposed in 1870. The building on its left is Rosenlundshuset from 1968-70. On the other side of the canal is the district Haga, which was established already in 1660. It became a working class district consisting mainly of wooden houses in the 19th century but was heavily rebuilt in the 20th century. The church is from 1856-59 by Adolf Edelsvard and the district also includes the 16th century fort Skansen Kronan. </div>
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Handelsinstitutet was built in 1881-82 to a design by architect Adrian Crispin Peterson. The school had been founded in 1826 as the first business college in Sweden. It moved to a new building in 1915 and the building is now in use by Gustaviskolan, an elementary school.</div>
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The triangular square Vasaplatsen is one of the main features of the 1866 masterplan. A few wooden houses were first cleared, the square was named in 1882, the fountain was completed in 1897 and mansion blocks sprung up around it in the period 1890-1905. Some of the names associated with the area are architects Johan August Westerberg, Hjalmar Cornilsen, Hans Hedlund, Adrian Crispin Peterson, and his son Carl Crispin. To the south stands the main building of Gothenburg University, which was completed in Vasaparken in 1907 by architects Ernst Torulf and Erik Hahr.</div>
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The building on the corner of Sodra Larmgatan and Magasinsgatan was built in 1902-04 to a design by architect Isak Gustaf Clason, though the plan is signed Ernst Kruger. It was built for wine merchant C. G. Platin. The two lower stories were for storage, shops and offices, while the upper stories were originally flats. On the left are the old artillery stables from 1835, where Goteborgs Hyrverksaktiebolag, which served the city with horse-drawn taxis, built an iron shed in 1898. The building on the right is from 1935, by architect T. Svanberg, reclad in 1966.</div>
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A number of banks were built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on Sodra Hamngatan, after the Swedish central bank built its Gothenburg branch here in 1886, to a design by architect Viktor Adler. The building on the left was built for Goteborgs Kopmansbank in 1891 by architect K Johnson, the pedimented facade is by Ernst Kruger and was built for Goteborgs handelsbank in 1904-05, while the building in between was added for Nordiska Handelsbank in 1921, by architects Arvid Fuhre and Conny Nyquist. Furthest to the right can also be seen Skandiahuset from 1909-11, built for the insurance company Skandia, by architect Gustav Wickman. The modern facade is from 1980 and is by White arkitekter, replacing five merchant houses from the early 19th century. The house under renovation is Chalmerska huset from 1807.</div>
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Esperantoplatsen was named in 1954 and consists mainly of old warehouses and former industrial buildings. The square also features remains of the old fortifications of Gothenburg, which were begun in 1624 and mostly demolished in 1807-17. The surviving section was part of the Carolus Rex bastion, one of the 13 polygonal bastions that surrounded the city. Most of the buildings in this western section of the old town are from the early 20th century due to the hilly topography, which delayed urbanisation here. The narrow stretch between the hills Otterhallan and Kungshojd is now part of Kungsgatan and was one of the entrances to the city, via the now-demolished Karlsporten. </div>
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The 1866 masterplan essentially covered the districts of Vasastaden and Lorensberg, which were mostly built up between 1870 and 1920. Vasastaden was given its own parish when the Vasa church was completed in 1905-09, to a design by architect Yngve Rasmussen. A new plan for the completion of Kungsportavenyn and the villa area of Lorensberg was finalised in 1910 and realised by 1934.</div>
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The general post office was built in 1917-25 to a design by architect Ernst Torulf, and was considered the most expensive building in Sweden at the time. It was turned into a hotel and conference facility, with the addition of a modern tower, in 2012. The architects behind the conversion were Semrén and Månsson. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvF-nrrT2CJHAytgbrSDRuuZl8VxMO9yb0kzFeUG_yYZ6Y9n2fhLJUScE3Pb4xorYRwyz72oZ6t0qaUZVIb9xZWZe0rIhTwFbcjhyphenhyphenSnucAgPg-abYxeCkWmzBhIp4ipaQVoPGfvNXdDxRv/s1600/IMG_4097.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvF-nrrT2CJHAytgbrSDRuuZl8VxMO9yb0kzFeUG_yYZ6Y9n2fhLJUScE3Pb4xorYRwyz72oZ6t0qaUZVIb9xZWZe0rIhTwFbcjhyphenhyphenSnucAgPg-abYxeCkWmzBhIp4ipaQVoPGfvNXdDxRv/s320/IMG_4097.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Lilla Bomman is an 86-metre tower built in 1986-89 to a design by architect Ralph Erskine, in collaboration with White Arkitekter. It was originally built as the head office in Gothenburg for the construction company Skanska but is now owned by Vasakronan AB. The tower is often known by its nickname, the lipstick.</div>
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Gothia Towers are three high-rises built between 1984 and 2014. The original tower was 63 metres tall and was increased to 82 metres in 2012-2013. The second tower was completed in 2001 at a height of 77 metres, while the construction of the third tower began in 2012. It reaches 100 metres and is currently the city's tallest habitable building. The design of the latest development of the complex was by White arkitekter. A fourth tower is also being planned. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodmyN9X5BK7rwohMcR9iT_fUKzNXoAN83UaDdJELtihzfRZaJ-u5haVYQNuQHgsG508oGh6by_1apB4SAAaXGd1V2_Sk_NHv_Isv-tif5XCNRQrNHY2WZnBz9bEyNZ_QJPIMDOJ4QjAqB/s1600/IMG_4093.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodmyN9X5BK7rwohMcR9iT_fUKzNXoAN83UaDdJELtihzfRZaJ-u5haVYQNuQHgsG508oGh6by_1apB4SAAaXGd1V2_Sk_NHv_Isv-tif5XCNRQrNHY2WZnBz9bEyNZ_QJPIMDOJ4QjAqB/s320/IMG_4093.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Gothenburg Opera was built in 1991-94 to a design by architect Jan Izikowitz of architects Lund & Valentin. A number of different sites had been debated since the 1960s and a decision had been made in 1985 to build at Gamla Ullevi. A design by architect Carl Nyrén was recommended in 1986 and was supposedly quite similar to the opera that was finally built by Izikowitz. </div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-13599609175333561102016-05-28T08:40:00.000-07:002020-07-11T01:59:06.584-07:00Waterloo Bridge<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The following images were taken from Waterloo Bridge over the span of more than ten years, and are intended to give a glimpse of how the London skyline had changed over this period. This includes a number of tall buildings in the City of London but also across the river in Southwark.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCzFCRAhToIs4IZJ1qYmrEpjDmgTdAJ66L5w9ZD4SqjP1I-6RBTD-ofIh4FRnXurXchxa-ZNd_Xl3bBOM_RB3U8kjLjPmbGDFvvytw4gWT38rVsx63xx573XtnvLRwz47mw5AbPXSTuF6C/s1600/London_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCzFCRAhToIs4IZJ1qYmrEpjDmgTdAJ66L5w9ZD4SqjP1I-6RBTD-ofIh4FRnXurXchxa-ZNd_Xl3bBOM_RB3U8kjLjPmbGDFvvytw4gWT38rVsx63xx573XtnvLRwz47mw5AbPXSTuF6C/s320/London_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The first photo was taken on 4 April 2009: Few new towers had emerged on the skyline since the completion of the Gherkin (30 St Mary Axe) by Norman Foster in 2003, but several high-rises from the 60s and 70s had recently been demolished to pave the way for a new generation of towers. Also, the Willis Building in Lime Street had been completed to a design by Foster in 2008 and the concrete-clad Stock Exchange Tower by Trollope and Colls from 1972 had been refaced with a glass curtain wall in the same year. </div>
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The tallest building in the City was still Tower 42 from 1971-80 by Richard Seifert, which was also London's tallest until the completion of One Canada Square at Canary Wharf in 1990 (seen in the distance). The tower on the other side of the river, also by Seifert, was completed in 1972 and was still known as King's Reach Tower in 2009.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8DUmhZEbgNmiIx1-Rs2qYFnlxbJev7uJQw_0mwvj0fxKCpg3BI9EhA-pCs1MXzpMqEO39QYsuR8J0-OrqGcRBbIo4PxtzFXFlkeP9lefK5TgBbdXKXZVxCsR8fEDIuSaJHy6kVt0gi3Cj/s1600/London_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8DUmhZEbgNmiIx1-Rs2qYFnlxbJev7uJQw_0mwvj0fxKCpg3BI9EhA-pCs1MXzpMqEO39QYsuR8J0-OrqGcRBbIo4PxtzFXFlkeP9lefK5TgBbdXKXZVxCsR8fEDIuSaJHy6kVt0gi3Cj/s320/London_2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The next photo was taken in 2011, shortly after the completion of Heron Tower, where construction had been ongoing since 2007. The tower was originally intended at the same height as Tower 42, at 183 metres, and the two towers almost appear as twins from this angle despite the Heron Tower eventually being extended to 202 metres to the roof and 230 metres to the tip of the antenna. The design was by architects Kohn Pedersen Fox.</div>
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Just to the left of King's Reach Tower in Southwark can be seen the rising core of what was to become the tallest building in London. The Shard or London Bridge Tower had been under construction since March 2009.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKSiwkAGgvw7VIp5kLFwhz1958U4kNlLW9JjbiKqgVWtnGqhEguCz2TNOG7j_tYJazPdsvJ4iJMB9K2s2moGuna0901ID7WyNsuRhWiAD7h7dimHjb7mD-2mWwdMRvWRrEKAY9cYFcS_oX/s1600/London_4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKSiwkAGgvw7VIp5kLFwhz1958U4kNlLW9JjbiKqgVWtnGqhEguCz2TNOG7j_tYJazPdsvJ4iJMB9K2s2moGuna0901ID7WyNsuRhWiAD7h7dimHjb7mD-2mWwdMRvWRrEKAY9cYFcS_oX/s320/London_4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Shard was nearing completion by early 2012 while a new tower was already making its mark on the skyline. Construction of 20 Fenchurch Street, nicknamed the Walkie Talkie, had begun in January 2009 to a design by architect Rafael Vinoly. It replaced a 91-metre tower from 1968 by William Rogers, which had been demolished in 2008.</div>
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The demolition of Bucklersbury House from 1954-58 by architects Owen-Campbell Jones and Sons also opened up a better view of the Rothschild Building by Rem Koolhaas, which was completed in 2010. Also part of this cluster of mini-towers are the Willis Building and the former headquarters of Barclays Bank (1990-94) by GMW architects.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKEEcN-5uM3795WcqyT-nL2xx2i0vK4UHpnwbTnOvqAQ2GlSR8rztxlwiEkxyA28BciFjMpSU3GZb25NxymH2sk2fuwPDXASZepfavw3doX0o9sHGI5Z-jEqmVcc0kSNMr8ZN1Sw24jQDX/s1600/London_5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKEEcN-5uM3795WcqyT-nL2xx2i0vK4UHpnwbTnOvqAQ2GlSR8rztxlwiEkxyA28BciFjMpSU3GZb25NxymH2sk2fuwPDXASZepfavw3doX0o9sHGI5Z-jEqmVcc0kSNMr8ZN1Sw24jQDX/s320/London_5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The 306-metre Shard was completed in July 2012, roughly 12 years after entrepreneur Irvine Sellar met with architect Renzo Piano to discuss the redevelopment of the site, then occupied by the high-rise Southwark Towers from 1975. By 3 November 2012, a new tower was also becoming visible as part of the City cluster, the Cheesegrater.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQDbtIWQbGYp-xsgzT0efHrn7LQgFG32eEqpBYczFgJYcnnbqSWpQW7DQduPS26XZZCjdaXJMoL3O3qhCyMtNvsQuhhRsQJmO1ssWrxu0tsiSlVD3Ad5xA7VtF9KPZPV9irKj8QY4vlB6Q/s1600/London_6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQDbtIWQbGYp-xsgzT0efHrn7LQgFG32eEqpBYczFgJYcnnbqSWpQW7DQduPS26XZZCjdaXJMoL3O3qhCyMtNvsQuhhRsQJmO1ssWrxu0tsiSlVD3Ad5xA7VtF9KPZPV9irKj8QY4vlB6Q/s320/London_6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Cheesegrater, also known as 122 Leadenhall Street, had just been completed when this photo was taken on 12 July 2014, only two months after the completion of the Walkie Talkie. The former was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour and Partners and replaced a previous high-rise from 1969, which had been demolished in 2008. The King's Reach Tower had been renamed the South Bank Tower in 2013 and plans were approved to extend the tower from 111 metres to 155 to a new design by Kohn Pedersen Fox.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqNKFRh9XvaPvO3UdQzwU3jJ-CHqh_kG6b91hECsgS7xU9hPlEUIqwijUfrzcycsO29gVgu2touBcrpOAh8-S_lZqgaQnJoQmRzJ4ruftcjYwOQUf6fDeOv-AoCMdegZ78DZ3bw_oBbKgq/s1600/London_7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqNKFRh9XvaPvO3UdQzwU3jJ-CHqh_kG6b91hECsgS7xU9hPlEUIqwijUfrzcycsO29gVgu2touBcrpOAh8-S_lZqgaQnJoQmRzJ4ruftcjYwOQUf6fDeOv-AoCMdegZ78DZ3bw_oBbKgq/s320/London_7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The revamp of the South Bank Tower had been completed in 2015, while the new tower One Blackfriars was beginning to impact the Southwark skyline when this photo was taken on 16 May 2016. Designed by SimpsonHaugh and Partners, the tower was scheduled for completion in 2018, at a height of 163 metres. The 90-metre 240 Blackfriars was completed across the road in 2014 by architects Allford Hall Monaghan Morris.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOfLTouaj5qfI_ISvF0N7IC3ycTC9eknPh87x_0O5LBQm4wnU6bQUZm8sQOUx4F_KB3KpKEEYNU6yQLcRAtsH2fzpIvXFec05g_BxyviTPZqHkBT7g-XZGVy8PL7Mwkz0pPSUJpZHM4SFT/s1600/34446576712_dba02b7aa1_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="810" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOfLTouaj5qfI_ISvF0N7IC3ycTC9eknPh87x_0O5LBQm4wnU6bQUZm8sQOUx4F_KB3KpKEEYNU6yQLcRAtsH2fzpIvXFec05g_BxyviTPZqHkBT7g-XZGVy8PL7Mwkz0pPSUJpZHM4SFT/s320/34446576712_dba02b7aa1_o.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The glass cladding on One Blackfriars was starting to come along when this photo was taken on 8 January 2017. Another core had also started to rise in the City on the other side of the river. This is 52-42 Lime Street, nicknamed the Scalpel and built to a design by Kohn Pedersen Fox.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFHDjaIgrbSF9YOhpRcOjP2xrKU0T-ByERiKiJs9DCCRKdtZ_djAn3r6XisskmLN0EPBwa5wcMVCf7r-6D2_JKWVy60wPPKzANffcVQ4EECcyqffgPRIHhCOOjdUg_6mhb2oxRDWYYcxeg/s1600/rsz_img_7108.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="800" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFHDjaIgrbSF9YOhpRcOjP2xrKU0T-ByERiKiJs9DCCRKdtZ_djAn3r6XisskmLN0EPBwa5wcMVCf7r-6D2_JKWVy60wPPKzANffcVQ4EECcyqffgPRIHhCOOjdUg_6mhb2oxRDWYYcxeg/s320/rsz_img_7108.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The last in the series was taken on 10 July 2019. One Blackfriars on the South Bank had been completed for some time. The cluster of towers in the City is now dominated by 22 Bishopsgate, a 278-metre tower which began construction in late 2016. Demolition at the site began already in 2007 and the plan at that time was to build a 288m tower named the Pinnacle. This scheme was abandoned in 2013 and the site was re-sold. PLP Architects designed the new tower that was actually built.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-17634091858850674862016-05-22T15:40:00.000-07:002018-02-25T05:43:49.904-08:00Westminster<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-fN51cALQPlc6m6oosDru_q-aWonwHzXdH9ZrtnouxOB3Z0efYz1NwWuIpkcJ8e_6nh4loYL6xhVzjQzeF1glS1lKoF0pXz3fDQ7QKMYQHDVppCAGuJ7T2nc2plPnOm0pVLR5ymFt6lSf/s1600/London+Jewel+Tower+III.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-fN51cALQPlc6m6oosDru_q-aWonwHzXdH9ZrtnouxOB3Z0efYz1NwWuIpkcJ8e_6nh4loYL6xhVzjQzeF1glS1lKoF0pXz3fDQ7QKMYQHDVppCAGuJ7T2nc2plPnOm0pVLR5ymFt6lSf/s320/London+Jewel+Tower+III.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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The Jewel Tower was built in 1365-66 as part of the royal palace of Westminster. It was built to house the personal treasure of Edward III and continued to be used as a treasury until the royal palace was moved to Whitehall in 1512. It was used to house parliamentary records in the 17th and 18th centuries and some building work was completed during that period. The tower was originally crenellated and surrounded with a moat. Its one of the few vestiges of the palace of Westminster that existed before the fire of 1834.</div>
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The Henry VII's Chapel was built from 1503 to about 1512 and replaced a previous Lady Chapel from 1220 at the east end of Westminster Abbey. The design may have been by brothers Robert and William Vertue, who specialised in fan vault ceilings and had worked as masons on Westminster Abbey. They were also involved in projects at Bath Abbey, Greenwich Palace and St. George's Chapel in Windsor. Another possibility for the design is a royal master mason named Robert Janyns the younger, who also worked at Windsor Castle and Richmond Palace.</div>
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The tomb of Henry VII from 1512-18 by Florentine sculptor Pietro Torrigiano is considered one of the first renaissance designs in England. Torrigiano also built an altar, retable and canopy for the chapel, and fragments of this work remain though much of it was destroyed by puritans in the 17th century.</div>
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Ashburnham House was built in the 1660s, incorporating the remains of the old Prior's house of Westminster Abbey and the monks' refectory, where the House of Commons met in the 13th century. The design of the house has been attributed to Inigo Jones or his pupil John Webb, but the architect is now more commonly believed to have been William Samwell. The house has been property of Westminster School since 1882 and is located in Little Dean's Yard, which is a private gated yard. </div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-78086011731167921702016-03-25T06:19:00.000-07:002016-10-22T09:50:17.770-07:00Berlin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Zeughaus is the oldest remaining building on the boulevard Unter den Linden and was built in 1695-1730 as an artillery arsenal. The original architect was Johann Arnold Nering, who was followed after his death in 1695 by Martin Grunberg, Andreas Schluter and finally Jean de Bodt. It was turned into a museum in 1875 and now serves as the German historical museum. </div>
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The Reichstag building was built in 1884-1894 to a design by Paul Wallot, after winning an architectural contest in 1882. The first contest had been held in 1872 but the project stalled due to difficulties in acquiring the property, as the site was already occupied by an aristocratic palace, and political disagreements. The interior of the building of the building was gutted and rebuilt to a design Norman Foster in 1992-1999. </div>
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The Berlin Cathedral was built in 1894-1905 to a design by architect Julius Raschdorff. The original design was somewhat simplified and the northern wing was demolished during reconstruction in the 1970s, when it was finally restored from war time damage. The present cathedral replaced a previous baroque building from 1747-50 by Johann Boumann the elder, though the facade and interior had already been remodelled in neo-classical style by Karl Friedrich Schinkel in 1817-22. The previous building has been dated back to ca. 1345, though it too had been transformed on several occasions, in 1538 and 1717.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-62003470608186764182016-01-03T14:24:00.000-08:002020-07-11T00:21:56.815-07:00Hotel de Carnavalet<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Hotel de Carnavalet</b> </div>
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Hotel de Carnavalet was originally built in 1548-60 on commission by the president of the Parlement of Paris, Jacques de Ligneris. The name Carnavalet comes from its second owner, whose real name was Kernevenoy or Kernevenoch. </div>
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The street front on Rue de Sevigné was rebuilt by the architect Francois Mansart in 1655-61, after the financier Claude Boisleve took over ownership of the house in 1654. Mansart incorporated the original entrance arch by building over and around it. The sculpted figures on the ground floor represent force and vigilance and are by the Flemish 17th-century sculptor Gerard van Opstal. Among his most famous work were three sculptures that were added to the now-demolished city gate Porte Sainte-Antoine, which was built in the 16th century and also featured sculpture by Jean Goujon. The low relief above the balcony on the corner of Rue des Francs Bourgeois is also by Opstal.</div>
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The rusticated entrance arch is from about 1550 and is commonly attributed to Pierre Lescot, though this is disputed. Rusticated arches, inspired by Italian models, had already been built at Fontainebleau - at Grotte des Pins or Hotel de Ferrare - but is here much smoother in texture. The relief work seems to be from the same period, except the figure on the keystone, which was likely added after the house passed to Kernevenoy. The figure represents abundance and stands on top of a carnival mask, presumably as a pun on the name Carnavalet.</div>
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The single storey entrance arch was originally flanked by two pavilions of equal appearance; including a mezzanine, pitched roofs and dormer windows. </div>
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Walking through the arch, the visitor arrives to a courtyard, which was also rebuilt by Mansart in the 17th century but still retains some of the original features. </div>
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This applies primarily to the main block, which in French is typically referred to as the corps de logis. It includes four relief sculptures by Jean Goujon from the mid-16th century. The figures are allegorical representations of the four seasons. The involvement by Goujon may be one of the reasons why the house has been associated with Pierre Lescot, as the sculptor and amateur architect famously collaborated on the Louvre. </div>
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The corps de logis was restored by Victor Parmentier in 1866-70. This included the return to mullion and transom windows, though not the original dimensions. The balustrades and dormers were based on an engraving from around 1650 but this may not have been how it was actually built. Parmentier also replaced the 17th-century mansard with a new and steeply sloped roof, and removed some decorate medallions that had been added to the ground floor. </div>
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The wing on the left was originally just a single-storey gallery, which screened off the courtyard from Rue des Francs Bourgeois. The second storey was added by Mansart, who also built a completely new wing on the opposite side where there formerly had been stables. The relief work by Opstal is in imitation of Goujon's originals and represent the elements on left and divinities on the right.</div>
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The bronze statue of Louis XIV was placed in the courtyard in 1890. It was first made in 1689 by Antoine Coysevox and previously stood in the courtyard of the city hall.</div>
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The original features of the garden front (right) is not known but may have included some kind of rustication. The section to the left was built by architects Felix Roguet and Joseph-Antoine Bouvard after 1871. It includes a pavilion, which originally belonged to Hotel Desmarets, a building by an unknown architect from 1710. </div>
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Elements of several buildings slated for demolition were added during this period, as Hotel Carnavalet had been bought by the city of Paris in 1866 and turned into a museum. This includes a frontispiece of the merchant draper's guild from 1660 by Jacques Brand. The archway on Rue des Francs Bourgeois was part of the Palais de la Cité and had been built in in 1552-56 by Guillaume le Breton. It is known as the Arc de Nazareth and spanned across the Rue de Nazareth, a street on Ile de la Cité which disappeared in 1883.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-31010988521181716442015-12-06T05:31:00.000-08:002016-03-25T06:36:35.782-07:00English palaces, mansions and stately homes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Knole House was originally built in 1456-86 for the archbishop of Canterbury on the site of a previous house. Works to extend the building continued into the 16th century, including the main facade. It was seized from the archbishops by Henry VIII, as was Otford Palace, and has been the seat of the earls and dukes of Dorset since 1603. </div>
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Charlton House was built in 1607-12 for Adam Newton, Dean of Durham and tutor at the royal household. The architect is assumed to have been John Thorpe. A wing was added in 1877 by Norman Shaw and the chapel wing was rebuilt in non-matching bricks after bomb damage during WWII.</div>
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Kew Palace was originally built in 1631 as a private house for the Samuel Fortrey, but became a royal residence in 1734 though the crown only bought it in 1781, it previously being held on a lease. Plans for a large Palladian palace were presented in 1735 by William Kent but a new palace was only begun in 1802 to a design by James Wyatt. This was a castle-like building, which was never much liked and was demolished already in 1828.</div>
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Eltham Lodge, or the royal manor of Eltham, was built in 1663-64 to a design by the architect Hugh May in the style of Dutch classicism, such as in the example of the Mauritshuis at the Hague. The same architect also designed Cornbury House in Oxfordshire, in a similar style but larger and dressed in stone, and Berkeley House in Piccadilly. The latter was destroyed in a fire as early as 1733, while May's work at Cassiobury House in Hertfordshire has also been lost.</div>
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Ham House was originally built in 1610 for Thomas Vavasour, though the south front is largely the result of a rebuilding in the 1670s. The architect behind the original H-shaped plan was Robert Smythson.</div>
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Appuldurcombe House was begun in 1702 by architect John James on the site of a previous Tudor house but was still unfinished when the owner Robert Worsley died in 1747. The house was further extended in 1770s but has been an empty shell since WWII, due to a mine dropped close to it in 1943. The property began as a priory in 1100. </div>
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Blenheim Palace was begun in 1705 and completed around 1722 as a reward to John Churchill, the duke of Marlborough, for his efforts in the War of the Spanish Succession and more specifically the battle of Blenheim. The duke choose John Vanbrugh as the architect, but Vanbrugh was latter banned from the site by Churchill's wife, who had always preferred Christopher Wren as architect and largely managed the project in her husband's stead. The work was carried on by Vanbrugh's associate Nicholas Hawksmoor but was beset by funding problems. Royal contributions had ceased in 1712, at which point the relations with the queen had deteriorated so much that the duke and duchess were forced into a two-year exile. Work was resumed in 1716 but was completed at the Marlboroughs' own expense.</div>
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The palatial front of Stoneleigh abbey was built in 1714-26 to a design by the architect Francis Smith. The older buildings are from the second half of the 16th century, though the gatehouse is from the 14th century when the property was still an abbey. The Cistercian abbey was originally founded in 1154 but became a private estate after the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII.</div>
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Marble Hill House was built in 1724-29 to a design by Roger Morris and the amateur architect Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. The design is supposedly based on Palladio's Villa Cornaro and also served as model for plantation houses in the American colonies.</div>
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Moor Park Mansion was originally built in 1678-79, but the present facade is from 1720s by Giacomo Leoni, with assistance from the painter James Thornhill. The main body of the building was originally linked to service buildings on either side via by curved colonnades but this feature was removed in 1785. </div>
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Holkham Hall was built in 1734-65 to a design by architect William Kent, working in cooperation with the aristocratic architecture enthusiasts: the earl of Burlington and Thomas Coke, who was made earl of Leicester in 1744. The land had been acquired by the Coke family bit by bit in the 17th century. Thomas Coke inherited it in 1718 but his plans to create a classical monument was delayed in the 1720s due his financial losses from the South Sea Bubble. </div>
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Osterley House was originally an Elizabethan mansion from the 1570s that was remodelled by the architect Robert Adam in the 1760s. </div>
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Althorp House was first built in 1508 and had by 1586 been extended to its current shape. It may have been replaced with a new building in the 17th-century and is depicted in 1677 as baroque design in red brick. The current facade is from 1788 by the architect Henry Holland, who encased the building in grey tiles and added four giant pilasters to the front. The house is famous as the childhood home of Princess Diana.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-58247719252066846822015-11-28T04:29:00.003-08:002017-12-23T07:31:22.251-08:00La Defense<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">La Defense is named after a statue that was completed in 1883 but is now a business district consisting mostly of modern high-rise buildings. The statue was sculpted by Louis-Ernest Barrias in honour of the soldiers who defended Paris during the Franco-Prussian war in 1870. It previously stood at the centre of the <i>rond-point de Courbevoie</i>, a roundabout which terminated the historic axis of Paris. The statue was removed in 1964 and was placed at its current location in 1983. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">At the start of the 1950s, the rond-point de Courbevoie was still surrounded by old houses and factories, which neighboured shantytowns and the odd farm. Various ideas had been presented for the redevelopment of the area, but things first started to move with the construction of a new exhibition centre in 1956-58, which would later become the Centre for New Industries and Technologies (CNIT). The architects behind the project were Robert Camelot, Jean de Mailly and Bernhard Zehrfuss, as well as engineers Jean Prouvé and Nicolas Esquillan. The building has been described as the largest unsupported concrete span enclosed space in the world. The three points of the structure are 218 metres apart. The interior was completely refurbished in 1988 and 2009.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The first new office building in the area, Tour Esso, was completed in 1964 but was demolished in 1993 and replaced with Coeur Defense in 2001 (right).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5p-Pmc5cyBq-nn8AP4wo4lrsUA5KGjLn_wdRYbFhSc-jMFk5LMUr2wR9NJ8SvDyJ1kxuc3IwGReM6blzd9GmZVAY-1MfXQElV9GVvnqtF_1t4rGHvYyDfu-NikQy3cWPClw3ynJ0j2b_x/s1600/IMG_2663.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5p-Pmc5cyBq-nn8AP4wo4lrsUA5KGjLn_wdRYbFhSc-jMFk5LMUr2wR9NJ8SvDyJ1kxuc3IwGReM6blzd9GmZVAY-1MfXQElV9GVvnqtF_1t4rGHvYyDfu-NikQy3cWPClw3ynJ0j2b_x/s320/IMG_2663.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The public body EPAD was created in 1958 to develop a master plan for the area and to manage the acquisition of land and the process of relocation of previous inhabitants. The plan was adopted in 1964, and included a series of towers, which were to measure 42x24 metres in plan and reach about 100 metres in height. </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The first of these towers, originally named Tour Nobel, was completed in 1966 to a design by architects Jean de Mailly and Jacques Depussé. The tower is 105 metres and has since been renamed Initiale and later RTE-Nexity. It was one of the first in France to use curved glass at the corners of the building. </span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The residential block on the right is the oldest of its kind in La Defense and was completed in 1957, one year before CNIT, and was also by architect Jean de Mailly. It originally consisted of four slabs surmounted on an office block in an E-shape, but this </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">has since been reduced to an L-shape with the removal of two of the slabs. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The second tower, originally named Tour Aquitaine (right), was completed in 1967 to a design by brothers Luc and Xavier Arsene-Henry, and Bernard Schoeller; but was reclad in 2014. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">This makes Tour Europe, from 1969, the second oldest high-rise design in La Defense. It is the first of a series of towers by the t</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "\22 trebuchet ms\22 " , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">he team of architects Delb, Chesneau and Verola. It is 99-metre reinforced concrete structure. Tour Aquitaine has had various names and is now called Tour Blanche.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "\22 trebuchet ms\22 " , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The EPAD masterplan also included low-rise residential units with central courtyards, such as the one built in front of Tour Europe in 1969 by architects </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "\22 trebuchet ms\22 " , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Camelot and Finelli.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Architects Delb, Chesneau, Verola and Lalande completed a second tower in 1970, known as Tour Atlantique. The tower is 95 metres and was the first to be built within the circular boulevard around La Defense on the Puteaux side. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet" , sans-serif;">It was joined by Tour Credit Lyonnais (immediate right) in 1971. This was originally a design by Dubuisson and Jausserand but the facade has been replaced and the structure was expanded during a </span><span style="font-family: "\\\\22 trebuchet ms\\\\22 " , sans-serif;">refurbishment in 2002-07 by Valode and Pistre. The tower is now known as Tour Opus 12.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1AK8LV6lHQmDPno2WuRQt2QdSSnwESS339tvK8zCwL8Lm4LsXccvldgIm1Y0pmHN8XiFEjWMCLm1YdTGwBw26tw5svf4pDzRCWMn8SQkdqF-Q_Z8nP0gjePtCLxlxRP7aig0Fb55N5MU0/s1600/IMG_4506.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1AK8LV6lHQmDPno2WuRQt2QdSSnwESS339tvK8zCwL8Lm4LsXccvldgIm1Y0pmHN8XiFEjWMCLm1YdTGwBw26tw5svf4pDzRCWMn8SQkdqF-Q_Z8nP0gjePtCLxlxRP7aig0Fb55N5MU0/s320/IMG_4506.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "\\22 trebuchet ms\\22 " , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Two more towers were completed in 1971. </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tour Aurore was designed by architects Claude Damery, Pierre Vetter and Gilbert Weil, but is now slated for demolition. The plan is to replace it with a 202-metre tower dubbed Tour Air2. Tour CGI, originally known as Tour EDF-GDF, was a design by by architects Gravereaux, Saubet, Arsac and Cassagne but its current facade is from 2002-03 by </span><span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet" , sans-serif;">Kohn Pedersen Fox. The tower on the right is Tour Manhattan from 1975, by Michel Hebert and Michel Proux. Several residential </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet" , sans-serif;">units</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet" , sans-serif;"> were built in front of these towers, including the two concrete buildings known collectively as Residence Vision 80. This consists of a mid-rise block reaching 47 metres in height and a lower block stretching 120 metres long. They were completed in 1973 after a competition held by EPAD was won by the architect Jean Pierre Jouve. A third concrete block was built at the foot of Tour Aurore in 1978, by Alberto Penso. </span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZeO9rYVrXVbQU7kqyff96k3FUOWzfyI4IXkG6SXN7K-Vm1FPZvGmk8s-eJiljtkcn5r46B8FIGEMzihTlx8Lo_ZiAV4v-CRNr63ifrjSsfwb8WOxiUDVKs6WZkysf05M8uAPaIoBi35rL/s1600/IMG_4514.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZeO9rYVrXVbQU7kqyff96k3FUOWzfyI4IXkG6SXN7K-Vm1FPZvGmk8s-eJiljtkcn5r46B8FIGEMzihTlx8Lo_ZiAV4v-CRNr63ifrjSsfwb8WOxiUDVKs6WZkysf05M8uAPaIoBi35rL/s320/IMG_4514.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">EPAD came under increasing pressure to allow taller buildings in the early 1970s. The state had made huge investments in infrastructure; including new roads, an RER express train station and an</span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> elevated pedestrian plaza; and needed to attract higher prices for the land it sold off to private investors. A new masterplan was therefore adopted in 1972, ushering in a second generation of towers. After completing Tour Atlantique in 1970; architects Delb, Chesnau, Verola and Lalande designed Tour Franklin in 1972 and </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "\22 trebuchet ms\22 " , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tour Winterthur in 1973. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Y-shaped building in front of Winterthur was only completed in 1983 by Jean Balladur and </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">occupies</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> a space which in 2008 was considered for a new 297-metre tall building by Norman Foster.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOp4zeuwK6rF7BgAqA8uLeHkHcPlNM7XiQQu4Acwdfa5liMulr9SuHs1gX5bxOjovp6Qeul9E0fuzcTdvVeMjTKFQ7EpR82UgWjxbJRASvGr7uL7SK6RgaDHoySzJqJe3oZz39MiozVNhB/s1600/IMG_4498.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOp4zeuwK6rF7BgAqA8uLeHkHcPlNM7XiQQu4Acwdfa5liMulr9SuHs1gX5bxOjovp6Qeul9E0fuzcTdvVeMjTKFQ7EpR82UgWjxbJRASvGr7uL7SK6RgaDHoySzJqJe3oZz39MiozVNhB/s320/IMG_4498.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">The first towers of the second generation only reached to 120 metres but the revised masterplan actually allowed towers of up to 200 metres, presenting opportunities for taller buildings by insurance companies Gan and UAP. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">The UAP tower by Pierre Dufau originally stretched to 159 metres before it was rebuilt as the 225-metre Tour First in 2011. Tour Gan by Harrison & Abramovitz reached 179 metres to the roof and caused a quite stir during construction in 1972-74 due to its high visibility from central Paris. </span> </span> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwOdmPA1A_Lb_8fhEziydu_8_TX-uXF2at4D1psyuyckxN0sOKn2WEWzZfvJ-RIBjCuAGxafFJfqoxDWZxXtVfNUJ05Pr7PSO9tQyGXKP4rSV_oQ-Gb6iNhaQJ9vUyDXdb60rY9npJG2__/s1600/IMG_4554.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwOdmPA1A_Lb_8fhEziydu_8_TX-uXF2at4D1psyuyckxN0sOKn2WEWzZfvJ-RIBjCuAGxafFJfqoxDWZxXtVfNUJ05Pr7PSO9tQyGXKP4rSV_oQ-Gb6iNhaQJ9vUyDXdb60rY9npJG2__/s320/IMG_4554.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Built during the same period as the controversial Tour Gan, though at a further distance from the city, Tour Fiat was also completed in 1974, to a design by architects Roger Sabot and Francois Jullien. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Its planned twin tower was cancelled due to the oil crisis and the second tower was only completed in 1985 to a different design. </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">This time Roger Sabot teamed up with WZMH architects. The two towers are now known as Tour Areva and Tour Total and are with their 184 and 187 metres still among the tallest in La Defense.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHbZ9XKvab0xPK_-RfADMzBgPWIERQfbJLm6vCTXe3wT5b2sp2wI4tqmJAgCXMD4tEpvXdJ0wAZfuArMnUKjSTyhE_c-LH54JH_8y7rRynFXOoNeGEBngKcO8xF1E1aHC9S8r6v1Z_oMMM/s1600/IMG_2666.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHbZ9XKvab0xPK_-RfADMzBgPWIERQfbJLm6vCTXe3wT5b2sp2wI4tqmJAgCXMD4tEpvXdJ0wAZfuArMnUKjSTyhE_c-LH54JH_8y7rRynFXOoNeGEBngKcO8xF1E1aHC9S8r6v1Z_oMMM/s320/IMG_2666.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Before the completion of Tour Total, two new towers known collectively as Tour Pascal has ushered in the return of construction after the oil crisis. The buildings are joined by a walkway and were originally headquarters for IBM. Five years later, a third and fourth tower were completed in 1988 by the same architect: Henri La Fonta. They have been named Tour Voltaire but the four towers follow the same granite design and were conceived as single ensemble. Voltaire was originally offices for the merchant bank Banque Worms, which was nationalised in 1982, later re-privatised but finally wound up in 2004.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh__rw2SwtAJbNtoYQafmzxRtomsXFUekEPIHCk6HvQtuUG8StIK6CBDi8mB60-cTj9vq2hBPdKM9NvLuBNz7bylpTK0dkTUqgUYLzc8XnV0zomg-XwrlOInU1S8uH8zU0xKRrgTr-3O9jM/s1600/IMG_4501.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh__rw2SwtAJbNtoYQafmzxRtomsXFUekEPIHCk6HvQtuUG8StIK6CBDi8mB60-cTj9vq2hBPdKM9NvLuBNz7bylpTK0dkTUqgUYLzc8XnV0zomg-XwrlOInU1S8uH8zU0xKRrgTr-3O9jM/s320/IMG_4501.JPG" width="320" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;">The idea of closing off the historic axis of Paris was first suggested in 1969 by architect Leoh Ming Pei and competitions were organised in the early and late 1970s, but it was only in 1982 that a definite project was chosen. President Mitterrand had called for a building of monumental character and the design by Otto von Spreckelsen and engineer Erik Reitzel was conceived as a modern take on the triumphal arch. </span><span style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;">Construction began in 1985 and was completed in 1989, though Spreckelsen resigned in 1986 and was suceeded by Paul Andreu. </span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;">On the site opposite CNIT, it was decided to build a shopping centre in 1972, which was finally inaugurated as Les </span><span style="color: #666666; font-size: 13px;">Quatre Temps </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">in 1981 (left). Originating with a project by Leoh Ming Pei, which also featured a tower at the centre of the historic axis, the final design was by architects Lagneau and Dimitrijevic.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5iwbXseOT071TtcBfysUtSyCn93fc5qW482dex5j14ncoVNISKkEljdG5v7LO5Wx5kq_suhOCU16U6Hsetik99oPCnwAtBXabo69Rdj7CPYquxvwQV2NfvDEsLreJGbEmccepgpQzBJrO/s1600/IMG_2722.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5iwbXseOT071TtcBfysUtSyCn93fc5qW482dex5j14ncoVNISKkEljdG5v7LO5Wx5kq_suhOCU16U6Hsetik99oPCnwAtBXabo69Rdj7CPYquxvwQV2NfvDEsLreJGbEmccepgpQzBJrO/s320/IMG_2722.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The twin towers of Chassagne and Alicante were completed in 1995, to a design by architects Andrault, Parat and Ayoub. The towers dominate a whole new section of La Defense created in the 1990s, which was originally knows as quartier Valmy but is now so dominated by the bank Société Générale that its now mostly known under that name. The bank, which had previously </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">had its offices in Tour Ariane from 1975, built a third tower in 2008 to a design by architect Christian Portzamparc. </span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The view from the steps of the Grande Arche is dominated by two towers, both completed in 2001. Coeur Defense (left) was designed by architect Jean-Paul Viguier and replaced Tour Esso, while Tour EDF (left) is by by Pei Cobb Freed and partners. The smaller tower to the left of EDF is of the first generation and was originally built in 1973 as a twin to Tour Atlantique but the facade was redesigned in 2004.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9wHVdW-r11A13TfQ6qe6MTSDDATh3Iy0aoLrZnsPh1meRyb9LuogPkJrjH2DxjGyXUFWRWvyJFSA30MtY1BfmKQzhOHjbJaclXFxPTUKpC1lVmIc0-cFT9-ZdFwLl4j9_AiLEcgVhjrkJ/s1600/IMG_2665.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9wHVdW-r11A13TfQ6qe6MTSDDATh3Iy0aoLrZnsPh1meRyb9LuogPkJrjH2DxjGyXUFWRWvyJFSA30MtY1BfmKQzhOHjbJaclXFxPTUKpC1lVmIc0-cFT9-ZdFwLl4j9_AiLEcgVhjrkJ/s320/IMG_2665.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The towers Tour Egée and Tour Adria were built in 1999-2002 by architects Michel Andrault and Nicolas Ayoub. They are located in Faubourg de l'Arche, a part of La Defense that only began to be cleared for construction in 1988. The bridge linking the development to the rest of La Defense was completed in 1999.</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The four last buildings of Faubourg de l'Arche were built in 2005-2010, including Tour T1 by architects Valode and Piste. The 185-metre skyscraper is the third tallest in La Defense and has been entirely occupied by the energy company Engie (previously GDF Suez) since 2010. On its right, Tour Esplanade, also known as Tour Sequoia, was built in 1989-90 by architects Ayoub, Andrault and Parat.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tour UAP from 1974 was transformed into Tour First in 2007-2011 by architects Kohn, Pedersen and Fox; making it the tallest building in La Defense, at 231 metres including the antenna. Tour D2 (right) is one of the most recent towers in La Defense, completed in 2015 by architects Anthony Bechu and Tom Sheehan, at 171 metres. It replaced a previous building known as Tour Veritas, which was demolished in 2011. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Tour Carpe Diem was built in 2010-13 to a design by architect Robert Stern. It has carried the logo of the Thales Group since January 2015 and the company occupies the top seven floors of the building. At a height of 162 metres, it was the first project to be completed as part of the La Defense renewal plan adopted in 2006. Just peaking out above Tour Europe to the left of Carpe Diem can be seen Tour CBX by Kohn Pedersen Fox from 2005. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Tour Majunga was built in 2011-14 to a design by architect Jean-Paul Viguier after the group Unibail-Rodamco acquired the site in 2006.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">On its right can be seen the 152-metre Tour Ariane from 1975 by architects Mailly and Zammit and on its left Tour Michelet (Total) from 1985. </span></div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-66519453598584444692015-11-25T15:14:00.000-08:002016-10-22T09:46:54.960-07:00Cambridge<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The church of the Holy Sepulchre or Round Church was originally built around 1130 by the fraternity of the Holy Sepulchre. It became a parish church in the 13th century and several changes to the structure were made. A gothic bell-storey was built in the 15th century and the original windows were replaced. These elements were removed during a restoration by Anthony Salvin in the 19th century and the upper storey is an interpretation of how the original church may have looked. It is one of five surviving medieval round churches in England, most of which are associated with the Knights Templar and Hospitaller.</div>
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The main gate of Queens' college was built in 1448-49 and is considered the oldest of its kind in Cambridge. King Edward's Tower at Trinity College from 1426 has been moved and altered while only the ground floor of the gatehouse at King's college was built in 1441, the rest was completed in the 19th century. It has been suggested that the architect of Queen's college was Reginald Ely. A second court was created in the second half of the century, while later buildings were added over the succeeding centuries. The college spans the river via the famous mathematical bridge.</div>
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The King's College Chapel was built in stages between 1446 to 1515, though the stained glass was only completed in 1531 and the rood screen, considered one of the earliest examples of renaissance design in England, was finished in 1536. The architect is unknown but possible suggestions include Reginald Ely or Nicholas Close. The stone vault (1512-1515), which replaced a timber roof, is by master mason John Wastell. </div>
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The Gate of Honour at Gonville and Caius College is one of three gates built by John Caius after he refounded the 14th century Gonville Hall in 1565. The gates of Humility and Virtue were completed within Caius' lifetime, while the Gate of Honour was finished in the two years following his death in 1573. The design is in part attributed to Caius himself, though it is known that he hired an architect by the name Theodore Haveus or De Have.</div>
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The great gate of St John's College was completed in 1516 and is thought to be the design of William Swayne, a master mason who had been employed at King's College chapel. A second and similar gate tower was built in 1599-1602 between the second and third courts of the college. At the back can be seen the chapel of St John's college, which replaced a 13th century chapel in 1866-69. It has the tallest tower in Cambridge and was designed by architect George Gilbert Scott. The chapel of Trinity College is also partially visible on the left, built in 1555-67. Opposite the great gate stands the Divinity School from 1879 by Basil Champneys, embellished in the 1890s. </div>
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The chapel of Pembroke college is thought to be the first building designed by Christopher Wren, was commissioned by his bishop uncle Matthew Wren and built in 1663-65. It is the earliest building in Cambridge without any gothic details and is roughly contemporary with Wren's Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford. The shape and size of the chapel seems to draw inspiration from Inigo Jones' chapel at St. James' Palace while the windows are similar to Jones' design for the later demolished chapel at Somerset House. Wren's chapel was extended by George Gilbert Scott in 1878. The building on the right was built in 1875-77 as one of the Red Buildings designed by Alfred Waterhouse. One the opposite side stands the west range of the original court, built in the 14th century and featuring the oldest gatehouse in Cambridge.</div>
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Wren's second chapel at Cambridge was built in 1677 for Emmanuel College. The college had been founded in 1584 on the site of a Dominican friary, which already included a chapel though it was the friars' dining hall that was initially used. The dining hall turned chapel became a library after 1677 and remained as such until 1930. The other buildings around the front court have changed significantly since the completion of the chapel. The north range (left) is part of the founder's building from 1584-89 but was heavily remodelled in 1760-64 and the oriel window is from 1876, added by architect Arthur Blomfield. The south range was rebuilt as the Westmoreland Building in 1719-22.</div>
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The Wren Library was built in 1676-95 according to a design by Christopher Wren for Trinity College. The library forms the west range of Neville's court, which had been completed in 1612. The gate of the wall that previously closed off the courtyard to the river now stands as the college entrance from Trinity Lane. The north and south sides of the existing courtyard were extended to reach the new library building. The original gables of the these older buildings were removed during a rebuilding and remodelling of Neville's Court in the 18th century.</div>
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Senate House was built in 1722-30, supposedly to a design by James Gibbs, though the result is not typical of the architect and may have been based on a concept by James Burrough. The intention was to build an open quadrangle consisting of three wings, though only one was actually built. The towered building on the right is the Waterhouse Building of Gonville and Caius College from 1870, which was built as part of the modernisation of the Tree Court and has been named after the architect Alfred Waterhouse.</div>
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The Gibbs Building of King's College was completed in 1729 and is named after its architect, James Gibbs. It is one of three wings, which were intended to form a closed courtyard with King's College Chapel. The other two wings designed by Gibbs were not completed due to a lack of funds and the project was not continued until 1828 when Front Court was completed by William Wilkins in neo-gothic style.</div>
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Trinity's College's New Court was completed in 1825 to a neo-gothic design by William Wilkins. The additional court is located to the south of Neville's Court and was built to accommodate the increasing rate of incoming students.</div>
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The Bridge of Sighs was built in 1831 to a design by architect Henry Hutchinson, connecting the 17th-century Third Court to the 19th-century New Court, both of which belong to St John's College. Despite the name, there is no resemblance to the Bridge of Sighs in Venice, unlike the namesake in Oxford which at least looks Venetian in inspiration. Hutchinson also co-designed New Court (1826-31) with Thomas Rickman.</div>
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The design for the Fitzwilliam Museum was chosen in an open competition won by George Basevi in 1835. Work began two years later and continued after the architect's death by Charles Robert Cockerell in 1845-63. Funds ran out and the project came to a standstill but was finally completed by Edward Barry in 1870-75. Both succeeding architects mostly kept to Basevi's basic design. An extension was added in 1931. </div>
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The buildings at the north corners of the Downing College quadrangle were built in 1929-32 by architect Herbert Baker. The design is similar to the west and east ranges, which were built by William Wilkins in 1807-11 and 1818-21, though the east range was only fully completed in 1876 by E. M. Barry. The style was continued with the completion of the northern range between Baker's corner-buildings in 1950-53. Additional buildings, still in classical design, were built in 1987-93 by Quinlan Terry.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-43257316595356662802015-10-04T09:36:00.001-07:002016-10-22T09:47:12.417-07:00Bergen<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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St Mary's is the oldest remaining church in Bergen, its date of construction estimated to 1140-1180, though the gothic influences of the extended choir and the taller towers of west front is from after a fire in 1248. The church was used by the German community of Bergen from 1408 and though it became a normal parish church in 1874, sermons were still held in German as late as after WWI. It is the only survivor of the twelve churches and three monasteries built in Bergen by the end of the 12th century.</div>
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Håkonshallen was built as a royal residence in the 13th century and was at least completed by 1261, when it was recorded as the location of a royal wedding. After centuries of neglect, its restoration began in 1873 and was completed in 1895. The explosion of 1944 created more damage, resulting in a second restoration campaign in 1955-61. </div>
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The old town hall was originally a private residence built for the feudal lord Christopher Valkendorf in 1558. It became a public building in 1568, served a Bergen town hall until 1974 and is still used for meetings by the city's representatives. It has been damaged in several fires and various changes and additions to the facade have altered its appearance over time, in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. </div>
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Rosenkrantz Tower was built in the 1560s on the remains of a previous keep from the 1270s. It is named after Erik Rosenkrantz, who was the feudal lord of Bergenhus Len during the period of construction. It was built as a residence and as part of a military complex, but has in its history only been involved in a single military campaign, on the side of the Dutch in a naval battle against the English in 1665. The building on the left is one of a series of building added to the fortress in the early 18th century.</div>
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Erik Rosenkrantz also built a private residence on the opposite side of the bay, on Nordnes, partly by using stone from the cloister ruins of Munkeliv. The building has been damaged by several fires and the original gables were replaced with a hipped roof in 1702. </div>
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The short side street named Forstandersmauet is thought to be the location of the oldest preserved wooden house in Bergen. At least the ground floor of the house in question is from the 16th century.</div>
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There has been a church on the site of Bergen cathedral since at least 1181, though the original church has been reduced to ruins on multiple occasions and the current west front, or at least its upper part, is from a rebuilding in the 1640s. Restoration was also undertaken after the fire of 1702 and the previous baroque interior was removed in favour of the medieval. The church belonged to a Franciscan cloister in the 13th century and became the city's cathedral in 1537 after Christ church was demolished in 1531. </div>
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The water front of Bryggen is from 1702, when the previous medieval buildings were rebuilt after the most devastating fire in the city's history. The buildings at the far end were replaced with modern brick buildings in 1902-1908 by architect Jens Zetlitz Monrad Kielland, with the exception of the very far end, where the owner resisted modernisation. The latter has an annex from 1874-76 by architect Conrad Fredrik von der Lippe. There is also a modern hotel and museum inside the Bryggen area, built about 30 years after a fire in 1955 destroyed several older buildings. </div>
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The Bergen Customs House was built in 1759-61 by architect Johan Joachim Reichborn, after the previous customs house was destroyed in a fire in 1756. Most of the water front of Nordnes was lost in this fire and it also resulted in the creation of the 15-metre wide street Tollbodallmenningen. The pediment is decorated with an unfinished relief decoration in marble, which was supposed to depict Mercuria, Justitia and the crown. </div>
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Nykirken, the new church, was built in 1756-63 by Johan Joachim Reichborn, replacing a previous church from 1622 on the site of the old archbishop's residence. The church was rebuilt after a fire in 1801 and the explosion of 1944, after which Reichborn's design for the spire was finally realised. Most of the surrounding buildings are modern due to the explosion. </div>
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The wooden houses on Sliberget are dated to the late 1700s and the street is first mentioned on a map from 1746. The houses have been protected since 1927 but three of them have been removed to Gamle Bergen Museum, an open-area museum featuring several reassembled wooden houses, most of which had been threatened with demolition. </div>
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Klosteret is the name of a square on the ridge of Nordnes in Central Bergen. It is named after a Benedictine abbey founded about 1110, which became the seat of the bishop of Bergen after the reformation and the church was designated Bergen's cathedral. The entire complex burnt to the ground in 1536 and was not rebuilt. Some of these houses are said to have medieval basements.</div>
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The area along the southern slope of Nordnes, known as Nøstet, include a number of narrow alleys and tightly packed wooden houses. Most of the buildings are from the 18th and 19th centuries and the first effort to modernise the street grid only began in 1880. A plan was adopted to completely modernise the area in 1948 but this was never carried out. The name Strangehagen refers to Strange Jørgensen who founded a charitable institution in 1609 to provide accommodation for poor women. The original building disappeared in the fire of 1702 but a later building from 1751 still stands in nearby Klostergaten. </div>
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The building that housed the Bergen branch of the Norwegian Bank was built in 1845 to a design by the architect Ole Peter Riis Høegh. An extension was considered in 1926 but was rejected in favour of preserving the existing building. </div>
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The pedestrian section of Strandgaten differs from the rest of the street in the sense that it was untouched by the fire of 1916 and the explosion in 1944, and therefore has buildings dated to before the 20th century. It includes the Sundt department store, which was built in 1889 and extended in 1914. The department store first opened in 1845 and moved to a new-build in Torgallmenningen in 1938. </div>
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The street Marken refers to an area, which in the middle ages belonged to Nonneseter cloister, and was named accordingly in 1856. The old street grid was long threatened with urban renewal, particularly after the new central train station was opened in 1913. A plan was adopted in 1908 and several of the properties had been acquired by the municipality already in the 19th century but the plan was never carried out. A decision to completely rebuild the area was adopted as late as 1964 but was abandoned in 1974.</div>
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The main body of the University Museum was built in 1863-65 to a design by the architect Johan Henrik Nebelong. The original proposals were by Christian Christie and Franz Schiertz but opinions from other architects were sought, a process which ended with Nebelong submitting his own plans. The lateral wings were added in 1896-98 by Hans Jacob Sparre. Founded as Bergen Museum in 1826, the institution became part of Bergen University when the university was created in 1946. </div>
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Known as the town's bazar when it opened in 1877, the market building on Vetrlidsallmenningen was designed by architect Conrad Fredrik von der Lippe, who also designed the buildings on the corner of Finnegårdsgaten (left) and Kong Oscars gate (right). In the back can be seen a mansion block from 1904 by architect Egill Reimers. </div>
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The former headquarters of Bergen Kreditbank was originally built in 1876 by the architect Herman Schirmer, but was extended twice by later architects without breaking with the original style. The first extension was in 1897 by Adolf Fischer and the second in 1918 by Schak Bull. The bank was merged with Bergens Privatbank to create Bergen Bank in 1975, which later merged in 1990 to become Den norske Bank (DnB).</div>
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C.G. Sundts house on Muséplassen was built in 1881 by architect Edvard Madsen. It has been the property of the university of Bergen since 1968. </div>
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The ambition for Sydneskvartalet was for it to become Bergen's Victoria Terrasse, and it was originally intended to have a single facade by Schak Bull when construction began in 1890. However, the project stalled and was only finished in 1915, resulting in various changes in style and cost-saving measures.</div>
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The plan for Haugeveien was adopted in 1891 and features a number of buildings from that period though construction was not fully realised due to opposition from one of the local property owners. The case was only settled by a supreme court ruling in 1916. </div>
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The stock exchange building was originally built in 1860-61 by Franz Wilhem Schiertz but was given a new facade by Lars Solberg in 1893. It is one of only two buildings to survive the fire of 1916 and is now mainly used as a restaurant.</div>
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This building at the tip of the Nordnes peninsula was built in 1896 by the architect Schak Bull for a charitable institution providing accommodation for poor and retired mariners. The institution was originally created in 1571 and previous buildings were located in the vicinity of the old town hall. </div>
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Skansen fire station was built in 1902-03 as a response to the fire in 1901. Architect Peter Andreas Blix originally intended to build a brick building in neo-gothic style, but a cheaper alternative was chosen, resulting in this wooden building by Paul Thedor Bjørnstad. It served as a fire station until 1969.</div>
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Little wooden houses clambering up hillsides is typical for Bergen but particularly for the area above. Bryggen. The name of this street, Søndre Blekeveien, refers to an estate which was first referred to as Bleken in 1744. The manor house from 1772 was demolished in 1900 to make way for the new fire station. </div>
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Den National Scene was built in 1906-09 after the architect Einar Oscar Schou won a competition in 1904. The theatre was founded in 1875, succeeding previous institutions from 1850 and 1794. The theatre building that had been used since 1794 was destroyed in a bombing raid in 1944. </div>
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Along with the stock exchange building, the headquarters of Bergens Privatbank survived the fire of 1916 and had been completed only three years before, in 1913. The architects were Fredrik Arnesen and Arthur Darre Kaarbø.</div>
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The cluster of buildings between Bryggen and Bergenhus are mostly modern due to the explosion in 1944, with the exception of this office building from 1919-20. It was originally built for the shipping company Det Nordenfjeldske Dampskibselskab by architect Eystein Michalsen. It was sold to Bergen port authorities in 1979 and has since been turned into a hotel. </div>
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The first building to be completed after the fire of 1916 was built for Svaneapoteket, a pharmacy that was created in 1595 and is considered the country's oldest company still in existence. The architects behind the new building, completed in 1821, are Fredrik Arnesen and Arthur Darre Kaarbøe. The previous pharmacy was probably built after the fire of 1756 with alterations to the facade dated to 1848.</div>
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The rebuilding of Torgallmenningen is mostly to a uniform design concept by architect Finn Berner, who won a competition in 1923. The central avenue was originally created in 1582 and was first named Torgallmenningen after 1702. </div>
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The Telegraph Building was completed in 1927 to a design by architects Finn Berner and Anton Kielland. The open competition was won by Finn Berner alone in 1923 but the telegraph company had already selected Kielland to take part in the project. The style has been described as neo-Georgian and differs from the neo-classical buildings, which dominate in the rest of the area rebuilt after the fire of 1916. </div>
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Blaauwgården was built in 1936 by architect Leif Grung as a combined warehouse and office building. The facades are separated into two sections to indicate the space allocated to each function, though the building is now used purely for offices. The street C. Sundts gate was created after a fire in 1901 and consists mainly of art nouveau buildings from that period.</div>
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Gamle Bergen Museum was opened in 1949 and features a number of houses from the 18th and 19th centuries that have been relocated for the purpose of preservation. It is an open-air museum built on the grounds of a summer residence called Elsero.</div>
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A few modern buildings can be seen east of the traditional city centre, including a high-rise by architects Solheim and Jacobsen from 2008. The buildings in the foreground are Bergen Library from 1917 and Lysverket from 1935-38.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-4137154987160678702015-05-23T10:26:00.000-07:002016-10-22T09:47:37.589-07:00New York<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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St Paul's chapel is the oldest surviving church on Manhattan, having survived the fires of 1776, 1835 and 1845. It was built as a chapel-of-ease in 1766 by architect Thomas McBean to serve members of the New York parish who lived at a distance from Trinity church further down on Broadway. In the back can be seen 195 Broadway, built as headquarters for American Telephone and Telegraph in 1916 by William Bosworth, on the former site of the Western Union Telegraph building, which briefly held the title as tallest office building in New York in 1875. Further back stands One Liberty Plaza completed in 1973 by Skidmore, Owings and Merril, which replaced the City Investing Building and the Singer tower, the first New York skyscraper to hold the title as tallest building in the world.</div>
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Stuyvesant Street is the only remainder of Bowery village, created by a descendant of the Dutch colonial governor Peter Stuyvesant at the end of the 18th century. The 17th century Stuyvesant mansion burned down in 1778 but the Stuyvesant family still owned most of what is now East Village and created a little town just outside the city's borders. Unlike the 1811 grid plan, the Bowery streets were laid out in a grid following the cardinal directions and Stuyvesant Street is now at a diagonal to the surrounding streets. The oldest of the houses is from 1803 and can be partially seen on the left but the other town houses in the picture were built in 1859-61 to a design by James Renwick Jr. The towers in the back on 2nd Avenue are art-deco buildings from the late 1920s.</div>
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St Mark's-in-the-Bowery was built in 1795-99 to serve the Bowery village, replacing a Stuyvesant chapel from the 17th century. The original design was by John McComb Jr, while the steeple was added in 1828 by Martin Euclid Thompson and Ithiel Town. The porch is from a renovation in 1836. </div>
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New York City Hall is the city's third city hall and the oldest in the United States to retain governmental functions. It was built in 1810-12 by architects John McComb Jr. and Joseph Francois Mangin who won a competition in 1802. The process was delayed due to objections from the city council and the architects were forced to make some cost-saving measures such as restricting the use of marble, using brownstone on the rear elevation. The entire structure has been reclad in limestone since 1954-56.</div>
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17 Grove Street from 1822 is considered the best preserved example of wood-framed houses in Greenwich village. Wood-framed houses were banned in 1866 but this didn't prevent the addition of a third storey in 1870. At the the back can be seen the house known as Twin Peaks, built in 1835 but redesigned by amateur architect Clifford Reed Daily in the 1920s. On the right, the mansion block 19-21 Grove Street was built in 1891 by Bruno Berger. Greenwich village existed as a hamlet already in the 17th century and developed separately from the rest of New York. Its layout is largely independent of the New York grid and most streets are named instead of numbered. </div>
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88-90 Grove Street were both built in 1827 and are examples of the many new townhouses that sprang up in Greenwich village after a yellow fever epidemic broke out in New York proper in 1822. </div>
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Neither building has been left untouched. Number 88 was redesigned in French-inspired style in the 1860s, notably with the addition of mansard roof and dormers, while number 90 was remodelled to house an artist's studio in 1893, by architects Carrere and Hastings. There were once similar townhouses on the neighbouring plots but these have been redeveloped, the building on the right was built in 1885 while the one on the left was built in 1917. </div>
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The first US customs house was completed in 1842 after more than 10 years of construction to a classical design by architect John Frazee. It replaced a building from 1788 by Pierre Charles l'Enfant, which briefly served as the first US Congress but was relegated to the function of city hall when the capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790. It was demolished in 1812 when the new city hall was completed. The earliest building on the site was built in 1700 as New York's second city hall. The building on the left with ionic columns is the base of a skyscraper, built in 1910-12 by architects Trowbridge and Livingstone for the Bankers Trust Company. In a period of intense redevelopment, the first skyscrapers had a short lease on life. The 83-metre Gillender Building, which was demolished to make way for Bankers Trust, was built as recently as 1897 and was then the tallest ever to be torn down. Bankers Trust built a second tower on the adjacent plot to the north in 1931-33 by architects Shreve, Lamb and Harmon. This caused the destruction of another skyscraper, the 117-metre Hanover National Bank from 1903. Even further up Nassau Street can be seen the Equitable Building from 1915 by Ernest Graham, a controversial building that prompted the 1916 zoning resolution requiring setbacks for tall buildings to allow sunlight to reach street level. The previous Equitable Building was destroyed in a fire in 1912. Built in 1870 to a height of 40 metres in a fairly conventional French-inspired design and with no structural steel, it is still considered by some as the world's first skyscraper.</div>
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Wall Street is supposedly named after the palisades and later fortifications that Dutch colonists built to protect Nieuw Amsterdam. At the top of the street stands Trinity church, built in 1839-46 by architect Richard Upjohn. Two previous churches have stood at the site, the first was constructed in 1698 but was destroyed in the fire of 1776, the second was completed in 1790 but was weakened by severe snows in 1838-39 and subsequently demolished. With 85 metres to the top of the spire, the third Trinity church was the tallest building in New York until the first skyscrapers were completed in the late 19th century, though it was briefly surpassed by the Latting Observatory, completed in 1853 but reduced in height in 1854 and burned down in 1856. Having completed the design of the first Bankers Trust Building, Trowbridge and Livingstone went on to design 23 Wall Street (1913) and the extension to the New York stock exchange (1923), meaning that the same firm is responsible for three of the four corners of the intersection Wall Street and Broad Street/Nassau Street. Trowbridge and Livingstone also built 15 Broad Street in 1928. </div>
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Grace Church was built in 1843-46 and was the first major commission of James Renwick jr. It was built from marble quarried by inmates from Sing Sing prison and is one of the first works of neo-gothic in New York. The spire was originally in wood but was replaced with a marble spire in 1881 partly as a response to the suspicion that the choice of wood had been due to a structural fault rather than lack of funds. Renwick also built a rectory during the first building campaign and a series of similar buildings were later added, including Grace House (1881), Memorial House (1882), Clergy House (1903) and Neighbourhood House (1907). A chantry and extension of the chancel have also been added to the church. The tower in the back was built in 1926-29 to a design by architect Warren and Wetmore as an extension to the Consolidated Gas Company Building from 1914 by Henry Hardenbergh. The building on the left is from 1960 on the former site of the "iron palace" built by John Kellum in 1862 and enlarged 1870, for A.T. Stuart & Company. The building was slated for demolition and was destroyed in fire in 1956 but the 1906 John Wanamaker annex by Daniel Burnham still stands south of Wanamaker Place. A.T. Stuart had also opened a "marble palace" on the former site of Washington Hall at 280 Broadway in 1846, expanding multiple times in the period up to 1884.</div>
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E. V. Haughtwout Building, on the corner of Broadway and Broome Street, was built in 1857 and features a cast-iron facade by John P. Gaynor. It was a commercial building commissioned for Haughtwout's cut glass, china and silverware business and featured the world's first passenger lift, though this only lasted to 1860 as most customers apparently felt more comfortable taking the stairs than the noisy lift. The red-brick building on the other side of Broome Street is 486 Broadway, designed by Lamb & Rich in 1883.</div>
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The Old New York County Courthouse, known as Tweed Courthouse, was built in 1861-72 by architect John Kellum. The project was left unfinished due to a corruption scandal and the rear wing and interior was only completed in 1877-81. The cost of building had grown exponentially as member of New York State Senate William Tweed and his circle were accused of using the project to embezzle funds. The new architect Leopold Eidlitz departed from the classical style of his predecessor and created interior decorations inspired by medieval and organic forms. It is the only other building in city hall park since the 1880 Post Office and Courthouse was demolished in 1939. The skyscraper under construction on the left is 5 Beekman Street, to be completed in 2017. The adjacent Temple Court from 1883 is be restored as part of this development. </div>
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The previously residential areas north of Canal Street, Tribeca and Soho (South of Houston Street), were redeveloped in the second half of the 19th century and the old townhouses were replaced with commercial buildings. The development coincided with the growing use of cast-iron facades, pioneered by architect James Bogardus in 1850, as a cheaper alternative to stone or masonry. Some of these facades are very ornate. 32-34 Greene Street and 28-30 Greene Street, the latter known as the Queen of Greene Street, were built in 1972-73 as store and warehouses. The architect was Isaac Duckworth, except number 34 which was designed by Charles Wright. Duckworth also designed the King of Greene Street at 72 Greene Street, a similarly French-inspired design with mansard and dormers.</div>
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The clock tower on 6th Avenue in Greenwich Village has crowned a library since 1967 but was originally part of a courthouse from 1874-77, by architect Frederick Clark Withers. It is the only remaining of a complex of buildings, also consisting of a prison and market. The market was demolished in 1927 and the prison was replaced with a new structure in 1931. The latter, believed to be the only art deco prison in the world, was demolished in 1973. The courthouse building was also threatened with demolition but was saved due to public outcry and became one of the first adaptive reuse projects in the United States. The Jefferson Market was originally created in 1832 and a wooden tower for fire lookout was the first structure to be built on the site of what is now Jefferson Market Library. </div>
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St Patrick's Cathedral was built in 1858-79 to a design by James Renwick Jr. The spires were added in 1888 and reach 15 metres higher than Trinity Church, making St Patrick's the tallest building in New York until the 106-metre World Building was completed in 1890. Various adjacent buildings, including the archbishop's house, rectory and a school (now demolished), were completed in the 1880s while an extension to the east including a lady chapel was begun in 1900. The new cathedral replaced St Patrick's Old Cathedral on Mulberry Street, built in 1809-15.</div>
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Brooklyn Bridge was completed in 1869-83 to a design by German-born engineer John Augustus Roebling. Having worked on the design since 1867, Roebling suffered an accident and died during the first year of construction, leaving the project to his son Washington Roebling. Washington was later incapacitated by decompression disease and had to rely on his wife to relay instructions to engineers on site. It is the first steel-wire suspension bridge and was the longest suspension bridge in the world until Williamsburg Bridge was completed in 1903.</div>
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Greene Street in Soho has one of the highest concentrations of cast-iron facades from the late 19th century. Most of the buildings between Houston Street and Prince Street were built in 1882-86 by architects Henry Fernbach, William Baker, Jarvis Morgan Slade and Alfred Zukor. The brick facade on the right is by Detlef Lienau from 1881. In the distance can be seen several skyscrapers, including 56 Leonard Street, under construction to a design by architect Herzog & de Meuron, and 4 World Trade Centre, completed in 2013 to a design by architect Fumihiko Maki.</div>
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Washington Arch was built in 1892 to a design by Stanford White, replacing a plaster and wood arch erected in 1889 for the centennial celebration of George Washington's inauguration as the first president of the United States. White's design was modelled on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. In the distance can be seen Empire State Building, the world's tallest building from 1931 to 1971, then succeeded by the World Trade Centre North Tower. The art-deco tower on the right was built in 1927 to a design by Harvey Wiley Corbett. The north side of the square is dominated by a row of brick townhouses built in the 1830s.</div>
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Known as the Silk Exchange Building, 487 Broadway (far right) is located on Broome Street stretching from the corner of Broadway to Mercer Street. It was built in 1894-96 to a design by the developer John Townsend Williams, who had previously worked in collaboration with the architect William Birkmire to create Lord's Court Building on Williams Street and the Central Bank Building. Most of the the original tenants were silk merchants but the building has also been known as the Haggin Building after James B. Haggin who acquired the building in 1899. It was converted to flats in 1985. The picture is taken from the corner of Broome and Lafayette and includes a number of low-rise building including 419-421 Broome Street (left), built in 1873-74 by Griffith Thomas for Scovill Manufacturing Company. The company expanded with the construction of 423 Broome Street on the adjacent plot in 1884 by architects D & J. Jardine. On the corner of Crosby Street stands the cast-iron facade of 425 Broome Street, built in 1875 by Edward H. Kendall. As we cross the street, we enter into Soho. The corner building of 429 Broome Street is from 1859 while 431 Broome Street is from 1825 and was recently converted into a hotel. The two cast-iron facades of 433-435 Broome Street were built in 1827, though the facade is a later redesign, and 1873, the latter by W. A. Potter.</div>
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The Gertrude Rhinelander Waldo House was built in 1895-98 to a design by Alexander Mackintosh working for architects Kimball and Thompson. The residence was commissioned by Waldo, but she never actually moved in and the house stood vacant until 1921. It was then converted to mixed use with stores on the ground floor and flats above. The church next door, St James' Episcopal church, was completed in 1885 to a design by Robert Henderson Robertson, replacing a previous church on East 72nd street by James Renwick from 1869, itself a replacement of a church from 1810. A gothic belfry was added by Ralph Adams Cram in 1926 but this was removed due to structural difficulties in the 1940s and the current steeple is from 1950. </div>
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The Oliver Gould Jennings House and Henry T. Sloane House on East 72nd Street were built in 1894-96 and 1898-99. The Sloane House (right) was built to a design by architect Carrere and Hastings, while architects Flagg and Chambers followed a few years later with a similar style, making the houses look like a single unit. The Jennings house housed the Guggenheim collection from 1957-59 at the same time as it hosted the Danish delegation to the United Nations. Both houses became property of the French school in New York in the 1960s and were joined. They were sold in 2010 and have now been reconverted to housing.</div>
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The Bayard-Condict Building from 1897-99 is the only design by Chicago architect Louis Sullivan in New York. The building is located in the NoHo district and was completed in cooperation with associate architect Lyndon P. Smith. Considered father of the modern skyscraper, Sullivan was not the first to build tall or to use structural steel. He believed that tall buildings should embrace new design principles with an emphasis on vertical lines and ornament largely restricted to ground floor and top storey. In this, he arguably drew inspiration from the 40-metre proto-skycsraper built by William Johnston in Philadelphia in 1849-50, known as the Jayne Building. The Wainwright Building in St. Louis (1891) and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo (1894) are typical examples of Sullivan's style and stand in contrast with New York's contemporary skyscrapers, such as the New York Tribune (1875), the New York Evening Post Building (1875), the Potter Building (1883), the World Building (1890), the Postal Cable-Telegraph Building (1894) and Manhattan Life Insurance (1894). </div>
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The Harry F. Sinclair House was built in 1897-99 by architect Charles Gilbert for banker and stockbroker Isaac Fletcher. The oil millionaire Harry Sinclair purchased the house in 1918 and lived there until 1930. It has been owned by the Ukrainian Institute of America since 1955. </div>
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The Stuyvesant Fish House on the corner of 78th Street and Madison Avenue is an Italianate mansion designed by Stanford White of architects McKim, Mead and White. It was built in 1898-1900 on commission from Stuyvesant Fish, an industrialist and financier. The residence was first used for offices in the 1930s but reverted to a private home in the 1940s. It wasn't fully converted to office use until 1985 when all remains of the original interior were removed. </div>
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The Flatiron building from 1902 by Daniel Burnham was never the tallest skyscraper in New York or the tallest building north of 14th street, as that title was held by the 94-metre Madison Square Garden Tower inspired by the cathedral of Seville. However, the Fuller Building, as it was officially known, quickly became the symbol of the New York skyscraper. The cupola on 5th Avenue belongs to the Sohmer Piano Building from 1898 by Robert Maynicke.</div>
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The NYC stock exchange was built in 1901-03 to a design by architect George B. Post, replacing a previous building from 1865. The extension on right was built in 1919-23 by architects Trowbridge & Livingston, replacing two early high-rise buildings from the 1880s, the Mortimer building by George Post and the Wilks building by Charles W. Clinton. The building from 1865 was the stock exchange's first permanent home but it can trace its history back to 1792.</div>
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The Whitehall building, named after a 17th-century Dutch Director-General's home once located nearby, was built in 1902-04 to a design by architect Henry Hardenbergh. The office building was built speculatively but proved very successful and an additional building known as Greater Whitehall was added to its rear in 1908-10 by architects Clinton and Russell. It was the largest office building in New York at the time of its completion. On the left, 19-21 West Street are both Art Deco towers built in 1929-31 by architects Starrett & Van Vleck.</div>
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The Singer Building at 561 Broadway was built in 1902-04 to a design by Ernest Flagg, the same architect who would later build the more famous Singer Tower in 1908 for the same company. The 187-metre skyscraper was demolished in 1968 and is the tallest building in the world to have been purposely demolished by its owner. Known as the Paul Building or Little Singer Building to distinguish its more famous namesake, the older building has facades on Broadway and Prince Street. The neighbouring building was built in 1860 by John Kellum for the jewellery company Ball, Black and & Co. It was raised by four additional storeys after it it was acquired by Charles and Moritz Freedman. </div>
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Surrogate's Courthouse, previously known as Hall of Records, was built in 1899-1907 to a design by John R. Thomas and was completed after his death in 1901 by architects Horgan & Slattery. When Thomas won the commission in 1888, the plan had been to demolish the city hall and replace it with a new building. This was abandoned due to public outcry and the winning design was modified to become the new hall of records. The building was designed to include the Surrogate's court and courtrooms were created on the fifth floor. The court later expanded and the current name was officially adopted in 1962. The building on the right is the former Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank building from 1909-12 by Raymond Almirall. It was the third building by the bank on the site and was the biggest bank building in the United States in its time. It was also the first skyscraper to use an H-layout to provide more light and air to all parts of the building. </div>
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The former New York City Police Headquarters was built in 1905-09 to a design by architects Hoppin & Koen. The New York police moved out in 1973 and the building was converted to flats in 1988. The building is now known as the Police Building Apartments. </div>
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Manhattan Bridge was the last of the three suspension bridges across the lower East River and was completed in 1909, to a design by engineer Leon Moisseiff. It was the first to use Josef Melan's deflection theory for the stiffening of its deck and the first to use a Warren Truss in its design. The arch and colonnade at the bridge's entry was added in 1912-15 to a design by architects Carrere and Hastings. Williamsburg Bridge to the north was completed in 1903 and was the longest suspension bridge in the world until 1924. It was not the longest bridge in the world however as suspension bridges have only held that title since Ambassador Bridge from Detroit to Windsor in Canada was completed in 1929. </div>
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The first design for a new cathedral in New York was made in 1888 in a byzantine-romanesque style by architects George Lewis Heins and Christopher Grant Lafarge and construction began in 1892. But the gothic style that later evolved is from after 1909 when Ralph Adams Cram took over as architect. Work on the facade began in 1925 and the cathedral was opened end-to-end for the first time in 1941. Work has slowed since WWII and though some progress was made in the the last decades of the 21st century, the cathedral is still nicknamed St John the unfinished. </div>
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Grand Central Station was built in 1903-13 to a design by architects Reed & Stem and Warren & Wetmore. It was the third train terminal building on the site following the Grand Central Depot from 1871, designed by John B. Snook, and Grand Central Station from 1899-1900, which had been an expansion and redesign of the original building by Bradford Gilbert. Grand Central is often compared with the Pennsylvania Station building from 1910, designed by architects McKim, Mead and White, which was demolished in 1963. The skyscraper behind Grand Central was built in 1958-63 as the PanAm building and is now known as the MetLife building. The architects were Emery Roth & Sons, Pietro Belluschi and Walter Gropius. Also on the axis of Park Avenue stands the Helmsley Building, opened as New York Central Building in 1929 to a design by Warren and Wetmore.<br />
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The Woolworth building was built in 1911-13 to a design by the architect Cass Gilbert as the headquarters of the retail company F.W. Woolworth. It was the tallest skyscraper in the world until 40 Wall Street was completed in 1930. It was originally designed to reach 130 metres but eventually grew to 241 metres. The skyscraper under construction is 30 Park Place, designed by Robert A.M. Stern Architects. Completion is expected in 2016.<br />
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Henry Clay Frick House was built in 1912-14 to a design by Thomas Hastings, replacing the Lenox library building from 1877 by Richard Morris Hunt. The industrialist Henry Clay Frick had originally wanted Daniel Burnham to design his mansion and Burnham did submit designs but these were not carried out. Frick willed the house and all its contents to the public to be used as a museum at his death in 1919. His family continue to live in the mansion and the museum was first opened in 1935. The house was enlarged in 1931-35 as part of this process and was enlarged again in 1977 and 2011. Frick at one point also leased the Vanderbilt house on 5th avenue, the largest private residence ever to be built on Manhattan, now demolished. <br />
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The Manhattan Municipal Building was built in 1907-14 by architects McKim, Mead and White and was the first building in New York to incorporate a subway station. The need to expand office space for the municipal authorities was prompted by the consolidation of the city into 5 boroughs in 1898. </div>
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This building, on the corner of 5th Avenue and 86th Street, was built in 1914 to a design by architect Hastings and Carrere for industrialist William Starr Miller. It has been home to the Neue Galerie New York since 2001 after the building was renovated and restored by architect Annabelle Selldorf. The gallery is a museum for early 20th century German and Austrian art.</div>
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The view from Union Square reveals two skyscrapers that once held the title of tallest in world. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower by Napoleon Lebrun and Sons was built 1909 and ceded the distinction to the Woolworth Building in 1913. Empire State Building by architects Shreve, Lamb and Harmon held the title considerably longer, from 1931 to 1970. The newcomer in between is One Madison by architects Cetra/Ruddy (2013). The square was first urbanised as Union Place in the 1840s when fashionable residences first began to appear at what was then the northern fringe of the city. It is now mostly dominated by mid-rise buildings from the early 20th century. On the left, 17-19 Union Square West was built in 1913 by architect Charles Volz, the adjacent student residence hall was built in 1987, the Bank of Metropolis Building was built in 1903 by architect Bruce Price and the Decker building was built in 1892 by John Edelmann. Behind the trees lurks the Century Building from 1881. On the right stands the Everett building from 1908 by architects Goldwin and Starrett, on the site that previously belonged to the once fashionable Everett Hotel, and the Germania Life Insurance building from 1910. </div>
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The commission to build a new courthouse for New York county was won by architect Guy Lowell in 1913 but construction only began in 1919 due to WWI and was completed in 1927. The hexagonal plan was introduced during revisions of Lowell's original plans in the years before construction got underway.</div>
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26 Broadway was originally built in 1885 as the Standard Oil headquarters but was later extended in 1895 and virtually rebuilt in 1921-28 by architect Thomas Hastings and associates Shreve, Lamb and Blake. Below on the left stands 1 Broadway, formerly known as the United States Lines-Panama Pacific Lines Building. It was originally built as an ornate commercial structure known as the Washington Building in 1884 to a design by Edward Kendall, but the facade was remodelled in 1921 by Walter Chambers for the International Mercantile Marine Company. The house that previously stood on the plot was known as the Kennedy Building and is famous for briefly serving as headquarters for George Washington during the American Revolution. The high-rise on the right (2 Broadway) was built in 1958-59 to a design by Emery Roth and Sons, replacing the Produce Exchange Building from 1884 by George Post. Alexander Hamilton Custom House (behind the trees on the right) was built in 1899-1907 by Cass Gilbert. </div>
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The Chrysler Building was built in 1928-30 and was the tallest building in the world for 11 months, surpassing 40 Wall Street, until the completion of the Empire State Building in April 1931. It was built for the fonder of the Chrysler Corporation Walter P. Chrysler to a design by architect William van Alen and served as the Chrysler headquarters until 1953. The tower is still the world's tallest steel-supported brick building.</div>
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570 Lexington Avenue, originally know as the RCA Victor Building, was completed in 1931 to a design by architects Cross & Cross. It was later renamed General Electric Building but is now usually referred to by address to avoid confusion with the GE building at Rockefeller Centre. RCA had also moved to Rockefeller when the company vacated Lexington Avenue. The colour of the brick harmonises with the neighbouring St Bartholomew's Episcopal Church from 1918 by Bertram Goodhue. A church portal from 1903 designed by Stanford White, which had been added to the previous church on Madison Avenue from 1872-76 by James Renwick, was preserved and re-erected on the new site. </div>
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The Eldorado is the northernmost of four twin-towered mansion blocks on the Upper West side, the others being the Majestic, San Remo and The Century. The Eldorado was built in 1929-31 to a design by Margon and Holder, replacing a previous eight-story block from 1902. The Wall Street crash of 1929 hit the project hard, and the speculative build was foreclosed on soon after completion. The metal finials of the towers are a design by Emery Roth, the architect behind San Remo. Both the Century and the Majestic were designed by Irwin Chanin and Jacques Delamarre in 1930-31. The Century is named after Century theatre, a building by Carrere and Hastings from 1909. The buildings are cooperatives, meaning that residents hold the title to property and housing structure in common. The same is also true of the Dakota, one of the first mansion blocks on the Upper West Side and named for its then remote location. It was built in 1880-84 by Henry Hardenbergh, who also completed Plaza Hotel in 1907. </div>
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Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse: Architect Cass Gilbert was commissioned to build a new federal courthouse in 1931 and his design was completed in 1933-36. The tower reaches to just under 180 metres. </div>
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Rockefeller Centre is at its core a complex of 14 art-deco buildings built in 1930-39 by a team of architects headed by Raymond Hood. John D. Rockefeller jr was the sole financier behind the project after he failed to establish a syndicate to build a opera house for the Metropolitan Opera on the site. The complex expanded west of 6th Avenue with the completion of the Time-Life Building in 1959. Three more towers, dubbed the XYZ buildings, were completed in 1969-73. All four of these additions were designed by Wallace Harrison, who also happens to be the architect behind the Metropolitan Opera House at the Lincoln Centre for the Performing Arts. The last addition to the Rockefeller Centre was completed in 2001 to a design by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates.</div>
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The main entrance of the Museum of Natural History was built in 1936 to a design by John Russell Pope as part of a memorial to Theodore Roosevelt. On the left can be seen one of the corner turrets of the pre-existing museum building from 1891 by architects Cady, Berg and See, part of a design for a massive four-winged museum complex that was never fully carried out. This enveloped the original building from 1877, by Jacob Wrey Mould, to which the museum moved from its original location in the Arsenal Building in Central Park, where it had been since it was founded in 1869. On the left can also be seen one of the towers of the San Remo, built in 1929-31 by architect Emery Roth. </div>
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St Andrew's Roman Catholic church was built in 1939 after a fire 1930 led to the demolition of the previous church in 1937. The previous church had been dedicated in 1842 and remodelled in 1861 at a time when the area was still an infamous slum known as Five points. The architects behind the new church were Maginnis and Walsh and Robert Reiley. The tower on the right is the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, built in 1994 by architect Kohn Pedersen Fox. </div>
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The headquarters of the United Nations was built on the site of a previous slaughter house on the East River in 1948-52. A team of international architects were commissioned to develop proposals in 1947, a process which culminated in a project by Oscar Niemeyer, incorporating ideas presented by Corbusier. The Dag Hammarskjold Library Building was added to the complex in 1961, to a design by architect Harrison and Abramovitz. The building and surrounding land is technically outside US direction.</div>
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The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum was completed in 1959, six months after the death of its architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The museum was established in 1939 under the name Museum of Non-objective Painting and was renamed in honour of its founder in 1952. The collection was housed in rented space until the completion of the purpose-built venue. Lloyd Wright was asked to provide a design for a building in 1943 and the architect produced the first sketches and alternative ideas during this period.</div>
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One Times New Square was originally built in 1904 to a design by architect Cyrus Eidlitz, replacing a previous building from 1899 known as Pabst Hotel. The newspaper was previously housed at 41 Park Row where it had its own building from the 1850s replaced with a skyscraper designed by George Post in 1889. The New York Times moved out in 1913 and One Times New Square was later acquired by Allied Chemical, which remodelled the facade in 1963, covering the original terracotta and granite facing with marble. The front has been covered in billboards since the 1990s and tenants are secondary to its income. It was once the tallest building in the vicinity but is now surrounded by taller buildings, including the Conde Nast Building from 2000 by Fox & Fowle (left), the Times Square Tower from 2002-04 by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (directly behind), the Thompson Reuters Building from 1998-2001 by Fox and Fowle (right) and 5 Times Square from 2002 by Kohn Pedersen Fox (also right). Also visible on the left is the Knickerbocker hotel from 1906 by Bruce Price and Marvin & Davis and the Continental Building from 1931 by Ely Jacques Kahn, and on the right the Navarre Building from 1930 by Sugarcane & Berger, which replaced Hotel Navarre from 1900 by Barney & Chapman.</div>
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West street separates Battery Park City (left) from the rest of the financial district of lower Manhattan. Battery Park City is built on reclaimed land, a master plan for the area was unveiled in 1969 and the landfill was completed in 1976. Construction began in 1980, 23 buildings were completed in the first decade, 9 were added in the 1990s and 13 more buildings have been completed in the new millennium, 3 of them after 2010. The southernmost buildings along West street are some of the later additions, including Millennium Point from 2001 and Millennium Tower Residences from 2007, both by Handel architects, and The Visionaire by Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects from 2008. Further up, Liberty View and Liberty Court were built in 1991 and 1987. Brookfield Place, a complex of office buildings previously known as World Financial Centre, was designed by Cesar Pelli and was completed in 1985-87, except New York Mercantile Exchange which was completed in 1997. The skyscraper under construction on the opposite side of the road is 50 West Street by Murphy/Jahn architects.</div>
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15 Union Square West (right) was originally built in 1870 but its facade has been changed twice, from the original cast iron to white bricks to the current steel and glass facade with additional storeys, designed by Eran Chen in 2007. The neighbouring buildings are from 1890 and 1887, the corner building by Robert Henderson Robertson. </div>
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The IAC building was completed in 2007 to a design by the architect Frank Gehry as the headquarters of InterActiveCorp. It can be seen from the high line, an elevated railway converted to walkway and park. It was opened in several phases, the first and second in 2009 and 2011 while the final phase was completed in 2014. The tower at the back is 100 Eleventh Avenue, completed in 2010 by architect Jean Nouvel. Next to IAC also stands Shutter House, completed in 2011 by architect Shigeru Ban, and a residential unit designed by Annabelle Selldorf. The twin towers under construction are by Thomas Juul-Hansen.</div>
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Seen from East 9th Street, the modern buildings on Cooper Square are the New Academic Building by Thom Mayes from 2009 and, peaking up from behind, Carlos Zapata's Cooper Square hotel from the year before. The New Academic Building is an addition to the Cooper Union Foundation. The first building opened in 1859 on the northern side of the square, founded on the principle that education should be available to all who qualified, without cost. Designed by Frederick Peterson, it is the oldest existing building in the United States with steel beams used as spanning members. The use of steel as part of the load-bearing structure was first pioneered much later by William Jenney in Chicago with the Home Insurance Building from 1884, making it a contender as world's first skyscraper. Both the Home Insurance Building and the Tacoma Building by George Fuller from 1889 were hybrids, relying in part on structural members of masonry, meaning that the first pure steel skeleton was built in New York by Bradford Gilbert in 1889. Cooper square was renamed from Stuyvesant Square after Cooper's death in 1883. The square first opened in 1850.</div>
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The block of buildings on 10th Avenue between 18th and 19th street includes several modern additions. 456 West 19th Street in brown brick, designed by Cary Tamarkin, and Chelsea Modern in wavy blue glass, designed by Audrey Matlock, were both completed in 2008. 459 West 18th Street by della Valle and Bernheimer followed a year later. Some 19th century buildings have survived in between, including the two small brick buildings on 18th street, built as stables in the 1880s. </div>
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Beekman Tower (8 Spruce Street) is a residential tower built in 2006-10 to a design by the architect Frank Gehry and WSP Cantor Seinuk Structural Engineers. The image is taken from South Street Seaport, an historic district featuring some of New York's oldest buildings including Schermerhorn Row from 1811. Peck Slip was one of the many man-made inlets for the docking of ships created in the 17th century by the Dutch. It was filled in by 1817 and a warehouse from 1807 still survives at the northeast corner. </div>
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One World Trade Centre is the tallest building in the United States and fourth tallest building in the world. Construction began in 2006 and was completed in 2014, to a design by architect David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. The original concept for rebuilding the site after the terrorist attacks in 2001 was won by Daniel Libeskind in 2002, but many of his ideas were changed over the subsequent years, and the specific design for One World Trade Centre also underwent multiple changes after it was first unveiled in 2005. On the right, towering over the other buildings in Battery Park City stands the Goldman Sachs Tower from 2010 by Henry Cobb. Below One World Trade Centre can be seen 200 Chambers Street from 2008 by Costas Kondylis and 101 Warren Street from 2008 by Skidmore, Owings and Merril. The most prominent building on the left is 388 Greenwich Street from 1988 by Kohn Pedersen Fox. </div>
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One57 is a 306 metre residential skyscraper completed in 2014, to a design by architect Christian de Portzamparc. It will be surpassed as the tallest residential tower in New York when 432 Park Avenue is completed in 2015. The tower has been nicknamed the Billionaire Building and includes the most expensive flat to date in New York. The lower levels are occupied by a hotel. It forms a small cluster with the CitySpire Centre from 1989 by architects Murphy/Jahn, Carnegie Hall Tower from 1991 by Cesar Pelli, of the same block as Carnegie Hall from 1891, and Metropolitan Tower from 1987. </div>
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837 Washington Street was completed in 2014 to a design by Morris Adjmi, featuring an extension of a 1938 industrial depot. The extension is a steel exoskeleton with a curtain of mullioned windows. The original project was twice reduced in height before being finally approved in 2011. It stands across the street from the High Line and the new Whitney Museum, designed by Renzo Piano and completed in 2015.</div>
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432 Park Avenue seen from Madison Avenue, the luxury flat skyscraper began construction in 2012 and is scheduled to be completed in 2015. Already topped out at 425 metres, it is the second tallest building in New York, though there are two more projects at similar height planned on 57th street. The design of 432 Park Avenue is by Rafael Vinoly. The site was previously occupied by Drake hotel, demolished in 2007. On the left can be seen Madison Avenue Presbyterian, completed in 1901 by James E. Ware & Sons. The red-brick building was built in 1931 by Fifth Avenue Bank of New York by architects Schulze and Weaver in a neo-federal style. It replaced a building from 1886. </div>
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Midtown skyline seen from Central Park. From right to left: The Century by Irwin S. Chanin and Jacques Delaware (1931), 15 Central Park West by Robert Stern (2008), Time Warner Centre by David Childs and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (2003), Trump International Hotel </div>
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and Tower Central Park by Thomas Stanley (1961, redesigned in 1995-92 by Costas Kondylis), The Sheffield by Emery Roth & Sons (1978), Central Park Place by Davis Brody Bond (1988), Hearst Tower by Norman Foster (2006), Random House Tower by Ismael Leyva and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (2003), 1717 Broadway by Nobutaka Ashihara (2013), 888 7th Avenue by Emery Roth & Sons (1971), Essex House by Frank Grad & Sons (1931), One57 by Christian de Portzamparc (2014), Hampshire House by Caught and Evans (1938), Burlington House by Emery Roth & Sons (1969), Barbizon-Plaza Hotel by Lawrence Emmons (1930) and 30 Rockefeller Centre by Raymond Hood (1933).</div>
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Midtown skyline seen from Central Park. From left to right: Park Lane Hotel by Emery Smith & Sons (1971), Solow Building by Gordon Bunshaft and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (1974), General Motors Building by Edward Durell Stone and Emery Roth & Sons (1968), The Sherry-Netherland by Schultze and Weaver and Buchman and Kahn (1929), 432 Park Avenue By Rafael Vinoly (2015), Four Seasons by I.M. Pei and Frank Williams 1993 and the Pierre by Scultze and Weaver (1930). The General Motors Building replaced the Savoy-Plaza Hotel from 1927 by architects McKim, Mead and White. </div>
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10 Hudson Yards, also known as Tower C or South Tower, is an office building scheduled to be completed in 2015. It is the first tower in the Hudson Yards masterplan, a redevelopment project consisting of 16 skyscrapers. The architect behind 10 Hudson Yards and the the masterplan is Kohn Pedersen Fox. The entire masterplan is expected to be completed in 2024. On the far left can be seen some of the tallest skyscrapers in New York, including the Bank of America Tower from 2009 by Adamson Associates and the New York Times Building from 2007 by Renzo Piano. </div>
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Looking across from the recessed pools of the September 11 Memorial Plaza, the Museum pavilion and 4 World Trade Centre (right) have both been completed. Still under construction are 3 World Trade Centre designed by Richard Rogers and the transportation hub designed by Santiago Calatrava. </div>
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In the back can also be seen Millennium Hilton, built in 1990-92 to a design by Eli Attia and behind 3 World Trade Centre, 22 Cortlandt Street from 1971 by Emery Roth & Sons, and One Liberty Plaza from 1973 by Skidmore, Owings and Merril. In the far distance can be seen the Western Electric Building on Broadway from 1961 by architects Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, which replaced the St Paul Building from 1898 by George Post. Also seen are 5 Park Row by Robert Henderson Robertson, the tallest commercial building in the world from 1899-1908, and Gehry's Beekman tower.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-28353282563213880492015-04-03T06:54:00.001-07:002018-04-16T07:53:43.502-07:00Rome<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Arch of Constantine was completed in 315 to commemorate the victory of Constantine at the Milvian Bridge in 312. However, most of the sculpture was reused from earlier monuments and it has also been suggested that the arch was merely reworked. It is also possible that it was originally commissioned by Constantine's rival Maxentius. The sculpture from Constantine's time include the frieze above the lateral arches and the column base and spandrel reliefs. The head of the emperor in the round reliefs originally depicted Hadrian but was reworked to resemble Constantine. The arch is similar in style to the Arch of Septimius Severus, which was built over 100 years earlier.<br />
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The Temple of Saturn was rebuilt between 360 and 380AD after a fire destroyed the previous building from 42BC. Most of the building material was reused from the previous temple or from other buildings. One of the few new architectural details were the Ionic capitals, which were carved in white marble for the rebuilding. Several of the columns were made by fixing together various broken pieces, which can still be seen in the bracing around the shafts. The original temple may have been built as early as 497BC.<br />
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Originally built as a mausoleum to Emperor Hadrian in the second century AD, the structure may have been fortified as early as the fourth century. The name Castel Sant Angelo refers to a vision by Pope Gregory the Great, which was associated with the end of the plague in 509. The 18th-century bronze statue of Archangel Micheal is a reference to this vision. The bridge was originally built during the same period as the mausoleum. The statues were designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in the 17th century.<br />
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The Church of San Basilio al foro di Augusto was originally built in the 9th century as a small oratory, making use of the existing apse of the temple of Mars Ultor and the wall of the Augustan forum. The ancient structures had probably been left as ruins after an earthquake in the fifth century. The church was rebuilt and dedicated to St John by the Knights Hospitaller in the 13th century and rebuilt again for Dominican nuns in the 16th century and renamed Santissima Annunziata. The church was demolished in 1932 to make way for the Via dei Fori Imperiali, leaving only the entrance and windows that had been pierced through the forum wall.</div>
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Palazzo della Cancelleria was built for Cardinal Raffaele Riario and was supposedly financed with winnings from one night of card games. Construction began in 1487-88 and was completed in 1513. Records were presumably lost in the sack of Rome in 1527 and the architect is unknown. Several names have been suggested, including Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Baccio Pontelli, Andrea Bregno and Donato Bramante, and several were probably involved due to the long period of construction. </div>
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The fifth century church of San Lorenzo in Damaso was incorporated within the palatial facade, while the entrance portal was added in the 16th century by Domenico Fontana. It became the seat of the Apostolic Chancery in 1517 when Riario was forced to relinquish the palace to the papacy in the face of charges of conspiracy to murder the pope. The travertine stone used in the facade is said to have been taken from the ruins of the Theatre of Pompey. </div>
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Bramante is unlikely to have been involved in the design of the facade of the Cancelleria, as he is not thought to have arrived in Rome before 1499. However, he may have had a hand in the design of the courtyard. The Egyptian granite columns were originally built for the Theatre of Pompey but had already been reused for San Lorenzo in Damaso. </div>
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The Bramante cloister besides the church of Santa Maria della Pace was built in 1500-04. It was Bramante's first recorded work in Rome, on commission from cardinal Oliviero Carafa. The church was built on the site of a previous church called Sant'Andrea de Aquarizariis in 1482. The architect is unknown but was possibly Baccio Pontelli. Other suggestions include Meo del Caprino, Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Leon Battista Alberti. The dome was probably designed by Antonio Sangallo the younger and built in 1525. The church was almost completely redesigned and given a new facade in 1656-67 by Pietro da Cortona. </div>
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Construction of Palazzo Farnese began in 1515 to a design by the architect Antonio da Sangallo the younger. Work was stopped by the sack of Rome in 1527 but expanded significantly after 1534 when cardinal Alessandro Farnese was elected pope. Michelangelo modified the original design with a less orthodox treatment of the top storey. Michelangelo also proposed to link the palace with a bridge across the Tiber to the Villa Farnesina. Work was continued by Jacopo da Vignola and completed by Giacomo della Porta in 1589. </div>
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Palazzo Senatorio was originally built in the 13th century but the facade was entirely rebuilt according to a design by Michelangelo made in the 1530s. The work was carried out after his death by Giacomo della Porta and Girolamo Rainaldi in 1578-82. At the same time, a new bell tower was designed by Martino Longhi the Elder after the previous medieval tower had been struck by lightening. The pre-renaissance facade included a multi-storey loggia but this was later walled in to strengthen the building, while towers were added in the late middle ages and early renaissance.</div>
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The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius was moved from the Lateran to its present position in 1538. The current statue is a replica and the original is kept inside the Capitoline museum. </div>
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Palazzo dei Conservatori was built in the 16th century as the seat of the city's magistrates. The original facade had a portico on the ground floor and guelf-cross windows on the first floor. The facade was redesigned according Michelangelo's plans in 1561-84, with the exception of the central window on the first floor, which was altered by Giacomo della Porta to fit the distribution of space within. A new building was created opposite with an identical facade in 1603-54, which came to be known as Palazzo Nuovo. This work was carried out under the supervision of father and son Girolamo and Carlo Rainaldi </div>
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The Lateran Palace as it now appears was built in 1586-89 to a design by Domenico Fontana for Pope Sixtus V. The design was continued when the palace was extended in 1735 under Pope Clement XII. The original palace existed in Roman times and was gifted by Emperor Constantine to the bishop of Rome in the early 4th century. The palace remained the principal seat of the popes for the next 1000 years and was extended in the 8th century, rebuilt after a fire in the 10th century and embellished under pope Innocent III in the 12th century. The place suffered two great fires in the 14th century and the popes eventually moved to the Vatican at the end of the Avignon papacy and the schism. The obelisk is the largest standing Egyptian obelisk in the world and was erected at its site in 1588, 50 years after the statue of Marcus Aurelius had been relocated to the Capitol hill. The obelisk was originally brought to Rome in the 4th century and placed at the Circus Maximus.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW5OAJNbn6e8nVZcGS9RnMU9mc9DOSHT4mY8J0RFr9b6cHdA6LMTT4AdZbfcZ46QSiAUu80JS_aaXvsaweZ-34vjJoYowmvvqYIb3RDj-5U58AkH4k6z6KA6yAdp22KGfWcRfrjA_6QtZV/s1600/Rome2014-05-05+18.25.15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW5OAJNbn6e8nVZcGS9RnMU9mc9DOSHT4mY8J0RFr9b6cHdA6LMTT4AdZbfcZ46QSiAUu80JS_aaXvsaweZ-34vjJoYowmvvqYIb3RDj-5U58AkH4k6z6KA6yAdp22KGfWcRfrjA_6QtZV/s320/Rome2014-05-05+18.25.15.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Construction of the church of Santa Maria di Loreto al Foro Traiano was originally begun in 1507, but the dome was only finished by architect Jacopo del Duca in 1596. The adjacent church of Santissimo Nome di Maria al Foro Traiano was built in 1736-41 by French architect Antoine Derizet. It replaced an older church that was demolished in 1748. The churches stand opposite Trajan's column, completed in 113. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_u5K2W2mkHr_dVYQ9SNgNG9mhvTE28L6doR-gS5WorcOOSceRLcWVALgh8oU_pmrI6N8Ze_UVxmztNj18Mi4Hck4pJnSfsLPFV5uM55yr2nNpAZMx4BApgSyt61O8y8NcNk31nasQYhW/s1600/Rome2014-05-05+14.48.17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_u5K2W2mkHr_dVYQ9SNgNG9mhvTE28L6doR-gS5WorcOOSceRLcWVALgh8oU_pmrI6N8Ze_UVxmztNj18Mi4Hck4pJnSfsLPFV5uM55yr2nNpAZMx4BApgSyt61O8y8NcNk31nasQYhW/s1600/Rome2014-05-05+14.48.17.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Santa Maria in Vallicella, also known as Chiesa Nuova, was built in 1575-1606 as the principal church of the Oratorians. The initial architect was Matteo di Citta di Castello, followed by Martino Longhi the Elder. The facade modelled on the Gesu was designed by Fausto Rughesi. The buildings opposite the church were pulled down in the 1880s to create a new thoroughfare. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyl_Wij2A7FEa0HjQFeMa6HIVqvJ_wpvbbmoBbmSwoGJ3qfRdAks5RRF7lW4okAjJu75SZAQHcw9Z40CPq-qkLmrxBIjzo3Lj1aUEnnRWdUXySIit6W05jZsEKJVP-E7-0pKSSYXTJ9b77/s1600/Rome2014-05-05+18.14.09.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyl_Wij2A7FEa0HjQFeMa6HIVqvJ_wpvbbmoBbmSwoGJ3qfRdAks5RRF7lW4okAjJu75SZAQHcw9Z40CPq-qkLmrxBIjzo3Lj1aUEnnRWdUXySIit6W05jZsEKJVP-E7-0pKSSYXTJ9b77/s1600/Rome2014-05-05+18.14.09.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Palazzo del Quirinale began as a summer retreat built for pope Gregory XIII and was completed in 1585 to a design by architect Ottaviano Mascarino. The pope's death in the same year prevented the second building phase, which was intended to enlarge the structure into a great palace. However, work resumed under the next pope, Sixtus V, who hired the architect Domenico Fontana. The palace was completed under pope Paul V, initially by the hand of the architect Flaminio Ponzi and after his death by the architect Carlo Maderno. Further works were completed by Bernini in 1657-59, Alessandro Specchi in 1722-24 and Ferdinando Fuga in 1730-32.</div>
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Palazzo Barberini was built in 1627-33, initially to a design by the architect Carlo Maderno, who was tasked with enlarging a pre-existing building from 1549 known as Palazzo Sforza. When Maderno died in 1629, the project was taken over by Bernini. Maderno had been assisted by his nephew Francesco Borromini who continued to work on the project under Bernini's supervision. Some key features of the design such as the false-perspective windows are attributed to Borromini. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdj8C1ZUL5gWKdmVlCXgJdX5EC0qQKeQLJRxwx-ichEESCvwdQbbKuuw74hCtSUQKmwsQwbh58bv1i994UGFdL2Tfm24MOHDewHd2M3oahn_Vjqn8un7shJ8rK6URQ3DYq0b5TwSOwUrzu/s1600/RomeMontecitorio2014-05-04+14.19.02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdj8C1ZUL5gWKdmVlCXgJdX5EC0qQKeQLJRxwx-ichEESCvwdQbbKuuw74hCtSUQKmwsQwbh58bv1i994UGFdL2Tfm24MOHDewHd2M3oahn_Vjqn8un7shJ8rK6URQ3DYq0b5TwSOwUrzu/s1600/RomeMontecitorio2014-05-04+14.19.02.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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Palazzo Montecitorio was originally designed by Bernini during the reign of pope Gregory XV as a residence for the Ludovisi family. Work was interrupted when the pope died in 1623 and was only resumed when Innocent X became pope in 1644. Carlo Maderno modified Bernini's design and added the bell gable. An excavated obelisk was installed in front of the palace in 1789. The building had been designated for public functions upon its completion in the mid 17th-century and was selected as the seat of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian parliament after 1870. The building was entirely rebuilt internally in 1900-1910 to designs by architect Ernesto Basile and a new section was built at the rear. </div>
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The current baroque facade of Palazzo Madama is from the 1650s to a design by Cigolo and Paolo Maruccelli. The building was originally commissioned in the late 15the century by the Medici family and was completed in 1505. It was built on top of the ancient ruins of the baths of Nero. The building has been in use by the Italian senate since 1871.</div>
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In 1665, an Egyptian obelisk was discovered in the garden of the Dominican cloister of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. It was surmounted on a statue of an elephant sculpted by Bernini for the purpose and was unveiled in 1667 in front of the church. </div>
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Santa Maria sopra Minerva was built in 1280-1453 on the model of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. The facade was only completed in 1725. Baroque additions were removed during restoration in 1848-55 under the direction of Girolamo Bianchedi and the interior was decorated in neo-gothic. Opposite the church stands Palazzo Severoli, a building originating in the 14th century but entirely rebuilt in 1878. It houses an academy that trains priests to serve as diplomats for the Vatican state. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz8O7Td-BJucsBLXq0JhIY__N34FvoXHD7BhTYsUWiN7S9uZ6DY3Tg4XzktBmT8Kbh-tlXcWN1wgAVhYRPQfCtxySasxy8jseoTXZuaR-KfYv-t5EbWsvvtjpXFmxtQi4XH0SptwGCbGG5/s1600/Rome2014-05-05+18.14.37.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz8O7Td-BJucsBLXq0JhIY__N34FvoXHD7BhTYsUWiN7S9uZ6DY3Tg4XzktBmT8Kbh-tlXcWN1wgAVhYRPQfCtxySasxy8jseoTXZuaR-KfYv-t5EbWsvvtjpXFmxtQi4XH0SptwGCbGG5/s1600/Rome2014-05-05+18.14.37.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Palazzo della Consulta was built in 1732-37 by the architect Ferdinando Fuga to house the secretariat of the Sacra Congregazione della Consulta, which was the main state council of the papal states. It has served many different uses in the intervening years and has been the seat of the Constitutional Court of Italy since 1955. It was commissioned under pope Clement XII. The statues on the fountain were placed on the Piazza del Quirinale in 1588, the obelisk followed in 1786, while the granite basin was added in 1818. The statues are Roman replicas of Greek originals and stood at the entrance to the baths of Constantine. The obelisk is Egyptian and was one of two obelisks at the entrance of the mausoleum of Augustus. </div>
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The inner facade of Porta del Popolo was originally designed by Bernini for the occasion of the arrival of Queen Cristinia of Sweden in 1665. At this time, the gate only had a single arch flanked by square bastions. The bastions were demolished in 1879 and two lateral archways were created in 1887 to facilitate traffic and Bernini's design was modified accordingly. The same treatment was given to the outer facade, which had been created in 1562-65 by Nanni di Baccio Bigio with possible involvement from Michelangelo who had passed on the assignment due to his old age. The four columns flanking the central arch were taken from old St. Peter's. The gate is part of the city walls that were created in the late third century. The buildings on either side of the gate were designed by Giuseppe Valadier in 1811-22. The police station on the left was given a dome to match the dome of the Cybo chapel of Santa Maria del Popolo while Valadier wrapped a building around the church to maintain symmetry. Valadier used the same design but without the section with domes on the opposite side of the square.</div>
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Corso Vittorio Emanuele II is a wide thoroughfare created by a resolution of 1886, connecting the Vatican to Piazza del Gesu, via Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II, which was designed in 1886 but only inaugurated in 1911. It largely follows the trace of the Via Papalis, the processional route used by the popes from the Vatican to the Lateran. </div>
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Some of the buildings on the right survived the construction of the new street. This includes the Collegio Calasanzio, built in 1746 by the architect Tomasso De Marchis, Palazzo Ruggeri, originally built by architect Giacomo della Porta in 1588 but redesigned in the early 17th century, and Palazzo Celsi Viscardi, built in 1678 by architect Giovanni Antonio de Rossi. The buildings on the opposite side of what was previously a much narrower road were pulled down and replaced with new buildings. One of the buildings that were demolished was called Palazzo Amadei. Via del Plebiscito continues on the left of the church to Piazza Venezia.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Lym2QAU-IYt9KL6AQEoPNTZsKWzgTwDnV03TtPTm0kyR6LoeKiKKOxMFO0y0qPJe76LKm3FpErZk6wyM5Q5WIAo3bDnCDd5qVgWL8I5LpoMn6FouZ0kivvdhOVHx1ql7fH0TjNjbV3tr/s1600/Rome2014-05-05+18.23.52.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Lym2QAU-IYt9KL6AQEoPNTZsKWzgTwDnV03TtPTm0kyR6LoeKiKKOxMFO0y0qPJe76LKm3FpErZk6wyM5Q5WIAo3bDnCDd5qVgWL8I5LpoMn6FouZ0kivvdhOVHx1ql7fH0TjNjbV3tr/s320/Rome2014-05-05+18.23.52.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Altare della Patria or Vittorio Emanuele II monument was designed in 1885 by Giuseppe Saconni as a monument to the unification of Italy. The structure, which involved a collaborative effort by various sculptors, was inaugurated in 1911 for the international exhibition commemorating 50 years of Italian unification but it was only fully completed in 1925. A whole medieval neighbourhood was cleared to make way for the monument, including a Franciscan friary, Pope Paul III's tower and the arch of San Marco.</div>
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Corso del Rinascimento was built in the 1930s and separates the districts of Parione and Sant' Eustachio. According to the plan of 1931, the street was intended to continue via Campo dei Fiori and past Palazzo Farnese and Spada to Ponte Sisto to link with Trastevere, but only the section between Piazza delle Cinque Lune and Piazza di Sant'Andrea della Valle was completed. The work to remove the streets of Via del Pino, Pinacolo and della Sapienza began in 1936. Buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries were destroyed, some were reconstructed under the direction of architect Arnaldo Foschini and engineer Salvatore Rebecchini. The apse and transept of San Giacomo degli Spagnoli was demolished in 1938, the main entrance had been moved to Piazza Navona during a renovation in the 19th century, but this was reversed by Foschini and a loggia was added to the facade. </div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-43199410291885605272015-02-28T14:48:00.000-08:002018-04-17T07:42:22.911-07:00China<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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BEIJING</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAvxPlFJhJMxESrggt-jADxvvdC_2b1PFxYXU8jA3iYQW6q-TBKZPktVCjkj8aVNumB3yriRBAcUsxEvIwJ_t3CCZskI_RUwBxrTeeD4_dK7e3ikqqeEtrOSPxh02oJCxPH0VBIgYOKLrI/s1600/BeijingForbiddencity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAvxPlFJhJMxESrggt-jADxvvdC_2b1PFxYXU8jA3iYQW6q-TBKZPktVCjkj8aVNumB3yriRBAcUsxEvIwJ_t3CCZskI_RUwBxrTeeD4_dK7e3ikqqeEtrOSPxh02oJCxPH0VBIgYOKLrI/s1600/BeijingForbiddencity.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Forbidden City was built in 1406-20 and served as the main imperial palace for the Ming and Qing dynasties for almost 500 years. The complex consists of around 980 buildings and is 961 metres from north to south and 753 metres from east to west. </div>
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TIANJIN</div>
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St Joseph Cathedral was built in 1913-16 in the French concession area, using brick imported from France. It was the tallest building in Tianjin for around 80 years. The three towers were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution but was rebuilt in the 1980s. It is also known as Lao Xilai Catholic Church.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV-vZ8zTxkmKFXvRa-8hxXSZX5HuhGCmmQot6ax_L4hMbStelJmsC7VudPBzUnjasjq460WF0xVuG18Fy2xhyC3oN8-w78ZLbZwYbKo0jt9o00BKfaWiaPQ3KFTfg651_8nLF_v2qDJ_0p/s1600/Tianjin+DSCF4203.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV-vZ8zTxkmKFXvRa-8hxXSZX5HuhGCmmQot6ax_L4hMbStelJmsC7VudPBzUnjasjq460WF0xVuG18Fy2xhyC3oN8-w78ZLbZwYbKo0jt9o00BKfaWiaPQ3KFTfg651_8nLF_v2qDJ_0p/s320/Tianjin+DSCF4203.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Tianjin Tower, also known as Jin Tower or Tianjin World Financial Centre, is a 337-metre office skyscraper. It was built in 2007-11 to a design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. At the foot of the skyscraper can be seen a bridge across Haihe river. This was built in 2003-04 to a design by Deng Wenzhong. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB3zWHUfjvQryqmJDWar35tkGBb1T8rrVoS2cEpsNwgQjeeef_LWIeOty0SmtC7y2jOi2YupQ6b7DGVTEDWM-rCpxipBt6gdT8qhqefe7uuez7scTEueg0uHqgBN7cyXtqqdZrr13XAHMN/s1600/Hangzhou2008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB3zWHUfjvQryqmJDWar35tkGBb1T8rrVoS2cEpsNwgQjeeef_LWIeOty0SmtC7y2jOi2YupQ6b7DGVTEDWM-rCpxipBt6gdT8qhqefe7uuez7scTEueg0uHqgBN7cyXtqqdZrr13XAHMN/s1600/Hangzhou2008.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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A laughing Buddha statue at the Feilang Feng grottoes at Lingyin temple. According to legend, the mountain into which the carvings were made flew from India to Hangzhou as demonstration of the power of Buddhist teachings. Most of it was created in the 10th century when the Lingyin monastery was at its peak. The monastery was originally founded in 328 and has been rebuilt many times. The current buildings are modern restorations of late Qing buildings. The temple includes an 800-year old Buddha statue as well as the largest wooden Buddha statue in China. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrheEw26kjf0_abOjYUeRan5K_W6vKEANC2AQMmhjShZCdMZIsjEQbZLX3eTA8JtrmE-zP6WifNys7JrMvYAEUt1ZvCEnDJVhgtZY0OC4kOopUKxKwKXDsrep3WHYoYBPK8W3XrUonQxMG/s1600/Qingdao2007IX.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrheEw26kjf0_abOjYUeRan5K_W6vKEANC2AQMmhjShZCdMZIsjEQbZLX3eTA8JtrmE-zP6WifNys7JrMvYAEUt1ZvCEnDJVhgtZY0OC4kOopUKxKwKXDsrep3WHYoYBPK8W3XrUonQxMG/s1600/Qingdao2007IX.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The governor's mansion was built in 1905-07 as the official residence of the German governor-general of Jiao'ao, referring to Jiaozhou bay. The area became German territory on a 99-year lease in 1898 though the Germans had shown interest in the area since 1860. It was taken over by the Japanese after WWI. The governor was reportedly fired due to the high cost of his mansion.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyioekW1AVO8jPFh-7hbF3OiAL314VxgvcqJ-32CXmu_T3KbUmUEqLXnBYsT0WTdenrNpJFlHakGbncPS_1IiaXwIIKS5acjfiMRkYU521FquJXzv1Dj6wseNLnLC5BDCzlrPfulLCNct-/s1600/Qingdao2007VI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyioekW1AVO8jPFh-7hbF3OiAL314VxgvcqJ-32CXmu_T3KbUmUEqLXnBYsT0WTdenrNpJFlHakGbncPS_1IiaXwIIKS5acjfiMRkYU521FquJXzv1Dj6wseNLnLC5BDCzlrPfulLCNct-/s1600/Qingdao2007VI.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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St Micheal's Cathedral was built by a German catholic missionary society called Divine Word Missionaries, which had been present in Shandong since 1882. A mission hall and chapel was completed in 1902 and there were originally plans for a gothic style church but this was disrupted by the German surrender of Qingdao in 1914. The project was picked up again in 1928 and building was completed in 1934. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB_nUzJsKGgYWJ3hdr_HZmCb9iIrekh1W-e72skpILa-4oX6Jp59-7y8lncLmlR1In2YxJuXkqSoVyLO6Yp07OllPO1AKEqtwht1GBYPj-gzVsheaT2-H2ynjo2mtBVE2gsCudw4G-U0rq/s1600/Qingdao2007VIII.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB_nUzJsKGgYWJ3hdr_HZmCb9iIrekh1W-e72skpILa-4oX6Jp59-7y8lncLmlR1In2YxJuXkqSoVyLO6Yp07OllPO1AKEqtwht1GBYPj-gzVsheaT2-H2ynjo2mtBVE2gsCudw4G-U0rq/s1600/Qingdao2007VIII.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Qingdao Protestant church was built in 1908-1910 to a design by architect Curt Rothkegel as Qingdao's parish church. It has previously been called the International church or the Qingdao Gospel Church. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVRDYxBrgIPyh13bFAMKaZFL3FLuXJ_OzZobNq9WQ68KGkdjgil17VeCUSyhqoiHzRpWb5-sFZrj0IN9UFBUP62uZ2JjHZyLEGBhJ_gHf7AkivNK1EHNIRv-KA3nj0jzZ8YiCONwhZfWKg/s1600/Qingdao2007I.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVRDYxBrgIPyh13bFAMKaZFL3FLuXJ_OzZobNq9WQ68KGkdjgil17VeCUSyhqoiHzRpWb5-sFZrj0IN9UFBUP62uZ2JjHZyLEGBhJ_gHf7AkivNK1EHNIRv-KA3nj0jzZ8YiCONwhZfWKg/s1600/Qingdao2007I.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Construction of the 140-metre Qingdao Custom House began in 1992, according to information by skyscraperpage. The little building on the right is a restaurant.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFITUD7GLLLaSz-C4yGCcIm_ihH1wvtRq4EmyienaEUZAE2uZzGq61NHYjbHWzDF2J_-tAi7uAPrC7fNLEWWP1aBePrKxU2y8L57OGcDhDOOmd9IkZ7WzSRW1ePmhqa5Q_ZmFZvvL9msl7/s1600/Qingdao2007III.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFITUD7GLLLaSz-C4yGCcIm_ihH1wvtRq4EmyienaEUZAE2uZzGq61NHYjbHWzDF2J_-tAi7uAPrC7fNLEWWP1aBePrKxU2y8L57OGcDhDOOmd9IkZ7WzSRW1ePmhqa5Q_ZmFZvvL9msl7/s1600/Qingdao2007III.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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There are few tall buildings in the oldest part of Qingdao, mostly situated around Zhongshan road. This includes the 213-metre Parkson plaza completed in 1998 (left). The other buildings appear to be a complex of bank buildings and a government building. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgamhCQW5_dM1PNgHy9z_9L0B09mlZAoULiMVw3jM6OC62iRJsPEDyfC56U4Ni2ndQpl5P4uC8cDdH3FJU2mQkcDh-LW5y9M_z4J8CHGw6w0Kh3chnq6pWdaEhhg-VFN7H-61hlf1vfjTi3/s1600/Qingdao2007X.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgamhCQW5_dM1PNgHy9z_9L0B09mlZAoULiMVw3jM6OC62iRJsPEDyfC56U4Ni2ndQpl5P4uC8cDdH3FJU2mQkcDh-LW5y9M_z4J8CHGw6w0Kh3chnq6pWdaEhhg-VFN7H-61hlf1vfjTi3/s1600/Qingdao2007X.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Signal Hill in one of the 10 major hill parks in Qingdao and is named after a signalling station from the German colonial period. An observation pavilion offers 360 degree views of the city.</div>
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TAI SHAN</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0XVd2CUYLKveW0R8oDspBAM6pBC8ryIQPe_ZjBSw7De9W6XIq8HDau-JT2IM-CHZw-fXqbDoXtLKq_ZAXjkXxzDVAzhoxurQaVFKbhsw4GQu8VigMPlrZO-aEJtrAhP_Z62xzcv5D3uzs/s1600/Taishan+2007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0XVd2CUYLKveW0R8oDspBAM6pBC8ryIQPe_ZjBSw7De9W6XIq8HDau-JT2IM-CHZw-fXqbDoXtLKq_ZAXjkXxzDVAzhoxurQaVFKbhsw4GQu8VigMPlrZO-aEJtrAhP_Z62xzcv5D3uzs/s320/Taishan+2007.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Tai Shan is the eastern of the of the sacred mountains recognised in Chinese culture as the five great mountains, destinations of pilgrimage and ritual sites of imperial worship. The mountains are mostly associated with Taoism and Buddhism, while two other separate groups of mountains are known as the four sacred mountains of buddhism and the four sacred mountains of taoism. Tai Shan has been a place of worship for at least 3000 years. The tallest peak is the Jade Emperor Peak. The largest temple complex in the area is located at the foot of the mountain in the city of Tai'an. The complex is built on the pattern of an imperial palace and is only one of three such remaining in China, the other being the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Confucius temple in Qufu. Another temple complex, near the top of the mountain, is the Azure Clouds Temple. </div>
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DATONG</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkn0pRUe05Nz8vnMeg7vQ7HEdXxc0fXEYKk4mgaRFdAyyMGP6C1xBwxyOolitZpYTRUURiz3oaJ_IiZTT4POTPwE_aH5G03f6ycBM7_Mk3__ToBJQUMJjPz6pM0TNdfPDXi3HqaTIXDBzh/s1600/Xuankongsi+DSCF4277.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkn0pRUe05Nz8vnMeg7vQ7HEdXxc0fXEYKk4mgaRFdAyyMGP6C1xBwxyOolitZpYTRUURiz3oaJ_IiZTT4POTPwE_aH5G03f6ycBM7_Mk3__ToBJQUMJjPz6pM0TNdfPDXi3HqaTIXDBzh/s320/Xuankongsi+DSCF4277.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Hanging temple of Xuankongsi was originally built over 1500 years ago. According to legend, the structure was built by one single monk. Successive repairs and extensions have resulted in the temple as it stands today. It is built on a cliff face 75 metres above the bottom of a canyon basin and is located near Heng Shan, one of the five sacred mountains of China. It is the only remaining temple to unite the three religions of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2nJ0OHj5mw2uKZf14kqWN2tbFfNCDERTidYMsF33TK8K3i2Sdt3sFp72bhJKDxN_062huKAxrPngprdzoKpBqSta_pDZ5mOGnVldPCdf0jHDMDYnUNNoyGfWiq11JUAdy0VMZcQ27XAbi/s1600/Shanghai+2010.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2nJ0OHj5mw2uKZf14kqWN2tbFfNCDERTidYMsF33TK8K3i2Sdt3sFp72bhJKDxN_062huKAxrPngprdzoKpBqSta_pDZ5mOGnVldPCdf0jHDMDYnUNNoyGfWiq11JUAdy0VMZcQ27XAbi/s320/Shanghai+2010.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The HSBC building on the Bund was built in 1921-23 to a design by architects Palmer & Turner. It was the Shanghai headquarters of HSBC until 1955. The bank was first established in Shanghai in 1865 and moved to the former Foreign Club in 1874. The bank purchased some of the neighboring properties in 1912 before redevelopment began around 10 year later. Palmer & Turner also designed the Yokohama Specie Building, the Yangtze Insurance Building and Bank of China Building, which are also all on the Bund. <br />
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The tower on the left was completed in 2002 to a design by John Portman and Associates. Its distinctive crown is in a shape of a lotus flower.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXtgJsGdOJwmPEpVPiYDyfc-pgRekQ0jAr0Y7zmzlihyphenhyphenfYeRzI6bhz9PObxVxaK_rmjzh6V2IFMLCAQeDG9ZVVJhNeo-WH6qSZBk2xUDCsUQ5VMH4NTdWKPYSQcRglniEeKGVCWIgIQvHE/s1600/Shanghai+2008-01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXtgJsGdOJwmPEpVPiYDyfc-pgRekQ0jAr0Y7zmzlihyphenhyphenfYeRzI6bhz9PObxVxaK_rmjzh6V2IFMLCAQeDG9ZVVJhNeo-WH6qSZBk2xUDCsUQ5VMH4NTdWKPYSQcRglniEeKGVCWIgIQvHE/s320/Shanghai+2008-01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Tomorrow Square was built in 1997-2004 to a design by John Portman and Associates. The architectural firm was one of the first American companies to establish a China office in Hong Kong in 1979. A Shanghai branch was set up in 1993, by which time the Shanghai Centre had been completed in 1986-1990. At 165 metres, the central of the complex was the tallest in Shanghai at completion. Tomorrow Square reaches 285 metres and twists 45 degrees from the 37th floor to mark a change of function from flats to hotel. The lower section was originally intended for office space.</div>
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The Jin Mao Tower (420.5m) was the tallest building in China from 1999 to 2008, when it was surpassed by the nearby Shanghai World Financial Tower (492m). The latter held the title until the Shanghai Tower was completed in 2015, and taller skyscrapers have since been completed in Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Tianjin. Jin Mao was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill; while the Shanghai World Financial Centre is by Kohn Pedersen Fox.</div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-44671392046410677092015-02-25T10:57:00.000-08:002016-10-22T09:49:15.347-07:00Rheims<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Construction of Rheims cathedral began shortly after the previous cathedral was destroyed in a fire in 1210. The chancel was completed and used for services in 1241 while the nave was completed in 1299. The west front was completed in several stages, resulting in differing styles for some of the sculpture. The upper part was finished in the 14th century, but in keeping with the previous concept. The cathedral was used for coronations of French kings. </div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7641145045952926056.post-46971572419718316832015-02-22T13:33:00.002-08:002018-01-02T05:35:10.751-08:00Oxford<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford was built in 1160-1200, originally as the church of St Frideswide's Priory. There were plans to replace the priory with a college in 1522-29 but this was stopped in 1532 when the crown took over the property. It became the cathedral of Oxford in 1546 when the diocese was transferred from Osney Abbey after only four years. The diocese of Oxford was created in 1542 and previously belonged to the diocese of Lincoln. Christ Church has been said to be the smallest cathedral in England.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoVYmi5uB69ikPAowNy4ykcfXFBnpsCPj5-D1JOKruRL5F8RYPiT8ktgG8vJBP-XSRGH5z8XxHbI4q4v8Dn-ZegumtA-CXf-mv9jFL2vHSR0DoHFTpw7OpjrN0GdyM9Odez3EJR82huG68/s1600/Oxford2014-05-25+17.10.01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoVYmi5uB69ikPAowNy4ykcfXFBnpsCPj5-D1JOKruRL5F8RYPiT8ktgG8vJBP-XSRGH5z8XxHbI4q4v8Dn-ZegumtA-CXf-mv9jFL2vHSR0DoHFTpw7OpjrN0GdyM9Odez3EJR82huG68/s1600/Oxford2014-05-25+17.10.01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Sheldonian Theatre was designed by Christopher Wren and built in 1664-68. The building was originally intended to be used for graduation and degree ceremonies but is today also used for music concerts and lectures. On the right can be seen the Old Ashmolean museum built in 1683 and Exeter College built in 1833-34 and 1856-59 by H.J. Underwood in the first stage of building and George Gilbert Scott in the second. The oldest part of this college is Palmer's tower from 1492. </div>
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The Clarendon building (right) was built in 1711-15 to a design by Nicholas Hawksmoor. It was commissioned to house the Oxford University Press, previously located in the basement of the Sheldonian Theatre. In the back can bee seen the Old Indian Institute building, completed in two stages in 1884 and 1896. The institute was created to educate aspiring civil servants of the British Raj. The architect was Basil Champneys. The gable on the right belongs to an extension of Hertford College.</div>
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Radcliffe Camera was designed by James Gibbs and built as a library in 1737-49. In the back can be seen the Bodleian library on the left and All Souls College on the right. The Bodleian has its origins from the 14th century, though most of the existing building is from the 17th, including the tower of the five orders completed in 1613-19. The oldest parts of All Souls was built in the middle ages, though much of it was designed in neo-gothic style by Nicholas Hawksmoor and built in 1714-34. </div>
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The new Ashmolean Museum was built in 1841-45 to a design by architect Charles Cockerell.</div>
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The building on the corner of Beaumont and St Giles Street, housing the Taylor Institution, was also designed by Cockerell and built in 1845-48. An extension in Bath stone was completed in two stages in the 1930s.</div>
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The oldest parts of Balliol College are dated to 1431 but the front on Broad street was designed by Alfred Waterhouse and built in 1867-68. The college chapel was designed by William Butterfield in 1857. </div>
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Joachim Moxonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15230676954158344799noreply@blogger.com0